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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

577
Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
577
Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

235
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
235
Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:27

Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

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Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle. The symptoms vary widely, encompassing asymptomatic presentations to severe, acute manifestations.Clinical PresentationAsymptomatic cases: In some instances, myocarditis may be asymptomatic, with the infection resolving without intervention. These cases often go undetected unless discovered incidentally through diagnostic imaging or tests conducted for other reasons.General Early Symptoms: Early symptoms of myocarditis are non-specific and can...
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Endocarditis II: Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis01:25

Endocarditis II: Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis

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Endocarditis can present various clinical features depending on the causative organism and the patient's underlying health conditions. Initially, the clinical features of infective endocarditis develop gradually, presenting with nonspecific symptoms that can be easily mistaken for other illnesses.General SymptomsEarly symptoms of infective endocarditis are fever, chills, weakness, malaise, fatigue, and weight loss. These symptoms reflect the systemic nature of the infection and the body's...
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Aneurysm II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:21

Aneurysm II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

15
Thoracic, aortic arch and abdominal aneurysms are significant vascular conditions that can present with various clinical manifestations and lead to serious complications. Understanding these manifestations and the appropriate diagnostic studies is essential for effective management and treatment.Thoracic Aortic AneurysmsThoracic aortic aneurysms often remain asymptomatic until they reach a size that impinges on adjacent structures. They typically cause deep, diffuse chest pain that radiates to...
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COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features01:20

COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of lung conditions that progressively worsen over time, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. This cluster of diseases collectively leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in lung function over time.
The primary cause for the onset of COPD is cigarette smoking and exposure to air pollution. These hazardous factors initiate a chain reaction within the lungs, resulting in chronic inflammation, damage to the airways, and a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 8, 2025

Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Autoimmune encephalitis : Part 1 (Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Clinical spectrum).

Juliane Hiesgen1, Clara Schutte2

  • 1University of Pretoria. julianehiesgen@up.ac.za.

South African Medical Journal = Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde
|March 6, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) involves antibodies targeting neural cell surface or synaptic targets, often presenting with psychiatric symptoms. Early diagnosis and immunotherapy are crucial for favorable outcomes in this reversible condition.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is increasingly diagnosed in patients with severe neurological and psychiatric symptoms.
  • Antibodies targeting neuronal cell-surface or synaptic proteins are key to AE pathogenesis.
  • AE can mimic psychiatric disorders, complicating early diagnosis and treatment.

Approach:

  • This review focuses on AE associated with neuronal cell-surface or synaptic antibodies.
  • It examines characteristic clinical syndromes and diagnostic challenges.
  • The review highlights anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis as a common subtype.

Key Points:

  • AE diagnosis relies on clinical and immunological criteria; biomarkers for therapy guidance and outcome prediction are lacking.
  • Some AE subtypes, particularly those with antibodies against extracellular epitopes, may be associated with tumors.
  • The effects of antibodies altering antigen function are often reversible with immunotherapy.

Conclusions:

  • AE, especially antibody-mediated forms, can present with diverse and severe symptoms, including psychiatric manifestations.
  • Prompt diagnosis and immunotherapy can lead to favorable prognoses in many AE cases.
  • Recognizing AE in patients with new-onset psychiatric disorders remains a significant clinical challenge.