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Related Concept Videos

The Spinal Cord01:54

The Spinal Cord

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The spinal cord is the body’s major nerve tract of the central nervous system, communicating afferent sensory information from the periphery to the brain and efferent motor information from the brain to the body. The human spinal cord extends from the hole at the base of the skull, or foramen magnum, to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

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Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 8, 2025

Treating Low Back Pain in Failed Back Surgery Patients with Multicolumn-lead Spinal Cord Stimulation
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Treating Low Back Pain in Failed Back Surgery Patients with Multicolumn-lead Spinal Cord Stimulation

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Spinal cord stimulation for low back pain.

Adrian C Traeger1,2, Stephen E Gilbert1,2, Ian A Harris1,3

  • 1Institute for Musculoskeletal Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia.

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
|March 6, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) likely offers no significant long-term benefits for chronic low back pain. Current evidence suggests SCS probably does not improve pain, function, or quality of life, and carries risks.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Pain Management

Background:

  • Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is a surgical option for persistent low back pain, involving electrical signals to modulate pain.
  • The long-term efficacy and safety of SCS for low back pain remain uncertain.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the benefits and harms of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) for individuals experiencing low back pain.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic review of randomized controlled trials and cross-over trials comparing SCS with placebo or no treatment.
  • Included studies focused on low back pain, with primary outcomes including pain intensity, function, quality of life, and adverse events at long-term follow-up (≥ 12 months).

Main Results:

  • Moderate-certainty evidence suggests SCS probably does not improve pain, function, or quality of life compared to placebo at six months.
  • Low-certainty evidence indicates SCS may slightly improve function and reduce opioid use when added to medical management, but with uncertain risks of adverse events.
  • Serious adverse events include infections, neurological damage, and lead migration requiring revision surgery.

Conclusions:

  • Current evidence does not support the use of SCS for low back pain outside of clinical trials.
  • The available data suggest SCS likely does not provide sustained clinical benefits that outweigh its costs and surgical risks.