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Updated: Aug 7, 2025

Four-Dimensional Printing of Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogel-Based Soft Robots
Published on: January 13, 2023
Houwen Matthew Pan1, Atsushi Goto1
1School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore.
This study introduces 4D printing using flower-like block copolymer nanoassemblies for advanced biomimetic actuators. These novel materials exhibit topology-dependent actuation and shape memory, enabling complex movements for bionic applications.
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