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Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology01:29

Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology

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Acute kidney injury (AKI) causes are categorized into three primary categories based on the location of the injury: prerenal, intrarenal (or intrinsic), and postrenal causes. This classification guides clinical management and illustrates how different pathways can impair kidney function.Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury1. Prerenal causesEtiology: Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury, the most common type, occurs when reduced blood flow to the kidneys decreases filtration capacity...
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Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the renal parenchyma and collecting system, including the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitial tissue of one or both kidneys. It can be classified as either acute—a sudden, severe infection—or chronic, which refers to long-term or recurrent kidney infections.The primary cause of acute pyelonephritis (APN) is bacterial infection, with Escherichia coli accounting for approximately 70-80% of cases. Other bacteria, such...
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Acute Kidney Injury III: Clinical Manifestations01:29

Acute Kidney Injury III: Clinical Manifestations

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Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) progresses through distinct clinical phases: the oliguric, diuretic, and recovery phases, each marked by unique manifestations and challenges.Oliguric Phase:The oliguric phase is the initial stage of AKI, typically lasting 10 to 14 days. This phase is marked by a significant reduction in urine output, usually less than 400 mL per day, indicating decreased kidney function. Fluid retention is a prominent feature, leading to symptoms such as edema, hypertension, and...
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Acute Kidney Injury I: Introduction01:22

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Introduction:Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) describes a swift decrease in kidney function occurring over hours to days, characterized by the kidneys' failure to remove waste products from the bloodstream. This leads to dangerous complications like metabolic acidosis, fluid overload, and electrolyte imbalances, such as hyperkalemia, which can cause life-threatening arrhythmias. AKI is common in both hospital and outpatient settings, often triggered by dehydration, sepsis, or exposure to nephrotoxic...
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Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction01:24

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Nephrotic Syndrome is a chronic kidney disorder defined by clinical findings such as severe proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema. These symptoms result from damage to the glomeruli, the kidney’s filtering units, increasing their permeability to proteins.Definition and Meaning:Proteinuria, defined as the loss of more than 3.5 grams of protein per day in adults, is a crucial feature of nephrotic syndrome. This condition is often accompanied by edema, the accumulation of...
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Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management01:28

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Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...
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Acute Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis.

Minh Dien Duong1, Kimberly J Reidy1

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 3326 Bainbridge Avenue, Bronx, NY 10467, USA.

Pediatric Clinics of North America
|March 7, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Postinfectious glomerulonephritis (PIGN) in children presents diversely but typically resolves with supportive care. Most children achieve full recovery with preserved kidney function and no recurrence.

Keywords:
Complement pathwayGlomerulonephritisHematuriaPostinfectious glomerulonephritisPoststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Nephrology
  • Immunology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Postinfectious glomerulonephritis (PIGN) is a significant cause of acute kidney injury in pediatric populations.
  • PIGN presentation ranges from asymptomatic findings to severe nephritic syndrome.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the clinical presentation, management, and outcomes of pediatric Postinfectious glomerulonephritis.
  • To provide an overview of current understanding of PIGN in children.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of Postinfectious glomerulonephritis in children.
  • Analysis of clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria, and treatment strategies.
  • Evaluation of patient outcomes and long-term renal function.

Main Results:

  • PIGN presents with varied symptoms, including hematuria and hypertension.
  • Management focuses on supportive care, fluid management, and blood pressure control.
  • Most pediatric cases demonstrate complete resolution and favorable long-term renal outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Postinfectious glomerulonephritis in children is generally self-limiting.
  • Early diagnosis and supportive management lead to excellent prognoses.
  • Long-term follow-up confirms preserved renal function and rare recurrence.