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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.

Properties of Organometallic Compounds

Properties of Organometallic Compounds

Organometallic compounds are compounds that contain a carbon–metal bond. Carbon belongs to an organyl group like alkyl, aryl, allyl, or benzyl groups. The metal can be from Group I or Group II of the periodic table, a transition metal, or a semimetal.

Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions is strongly influenced by the orbital symmetry of the polyene HOMO. Under thermal conditions, the reaction proceeds via the ground-state HOMO.
Selection Rules: Thermal Activation
Conjugated systems containing an even number of π-electron pairs undergo a conrotatory ring closure. For example, thermal electrocyclization of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadiene, a conjugated diene containing two π-electron pairs, gives trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.

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Facile Preparation of 2Z,4E-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

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Published on: June 21, 2017

Transition Metal-Catalyzed C-H Functionalization Through Electrocatalysis.

Prabhat Kumar Baroliya^1,2, Mukesh Dhaker², Subir Panja¹

¹Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.

|March 7, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Electrochemically promoted transition metal-catalyzed C-H functionalization offers a sustainable alternative to traditional methods. This review highlights recent advances and the economic benefits of using electricity for C-H functionalization.

Keywords:

C−H functionalization electrochemistry electrosynthesis homogeneous catalysis transition metals

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Published on: September 5, 2018

Area of Science:

Organic Chemistry
Catalysis
Electrochemistry

Background:

Transition metal-catalyzed C-H functionalization is a key area in organic synthesis.
Traditional methods often rely on harsh chemical oxidants, posing environmental and cost concerns.
Electrochemical promotion presents a greener alternative for activating C-H bonds.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in electrochemically promoted transition metal-catalyzed C-H functionalization.
To highlight the advantages of electrochemical methods over traditional chemical oxidants.
To discuss the sustainability and economic benefits of this emerging field.

Main Methods:

Review of literature on transition metal-catalyzed C-H functionalization over the past decade.
Focus on studies employing electrochemical promotion.
Analysis of the mechanisms and applications of electrochemically driven C-H functionalization.

Main Results:

Electrochemical promotion enables mild, efficient, and atom-economical C-H functionalization.
Electricity serves as a sustainable and cost-effective driving force for catalytic oxidation.
Significant progress has been made in developing new electrocatalytic systems for C-H functionalization.

Conclusions:

Electrochemical promotion is a rapidly developing and promising field for sustainable C-H functionalization.
This approach offers a viable alternative to traditional methods, aligning with green chemistry principles.
Further research in this area is expected to yield innovative catalytic systems and applications.