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Vortex-bound solitons in topological superfluid3He.

J T Mäkinen1, K Zhang1,2,3, V B Eltsov1

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Many-Body Systems
  • Superfluidity

Background:

  • Superfluid helium-3 (³He) exhibits complex phases described by p-wave order parameters.
  • Broken symmetries in these systems lead to degenerate free energy minima.
  • Spatial variations between these minima form topological solitons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss soliton-vortex structures in superfluid ³He based on symmetry and topology.
  • To focus on three experimentally observed soliton-vortex configurations.
  • To highlight the role of solitons in probing and controlling superfluid dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Symmetry and topology arguments to predict soliton-vortex structures.
  • Experimental observations using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques.
  • Analysis of NMR spectral shifts, relaxation rates, and bulk signal modifications.

Main Results:

  • Identified three key soliton-vortex structures: spin-mass vortices in B phase, half-quantum vortices (HQVs) in A phases, and composite defects in B phase.
  • Observed solitons trapping spin waves, increasing relaxation rates, and modifying bulk NMR signals.
  • Demonstrated solitons as crucial for probing and controlling superfluid ³He dynamics, especially HQVs with Majorana modes.

Conclusions:

  • Soliton-vortex structures are topological defects in superfluid ³He arising from broken symmetries.
  • NMR techniques provide distinct signatures for soliton detection and characterization.
  • Solitons are valuable tools for investigating the complex dynamics and properties of superfluid ³He.