Development of an indirect ELISA test for the detection of Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) in fish tissue and mucus samples

A serological test for screening of TiLV in Oreochromis niloticus would be useful for the epidemiological investigations. Using polyclonal antisera against TiLV (TiLV-Ab), an indirect enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (iELISA) was developed for the detection of TiLV antigen in fish tissue and mucus. After a cutoff value was established and antigen and antibody concentrations were optimized, the iELISA's sensitivity and specificity were assessed. We found the ideal dilutions of TiLV-Ab as 1: 4000 and secondary antibody as 1:65,000. High analytical sensitivity and moderate specificity were displayed by the developed iELISA. The Positive and Negative Likelihood Ratio (LR+, LR-) were 1.75 and 0.29, respectively. The estimated Positive and Negative Predictive Values (PPV and NPV) of the test were 76.19% and 65.62%, respectively. The accuracy of the developed iELISA was estimated as 73.28%. An immunological survey was performed using the developed iELISA with samples from the field and 155/195 fishes tested positive, indicating a 79.48% TiLV antigen positives. Among the pooled organs and mucus tested, the highest positive rate of 92.3% (36/39) is observed in mucus compared to other tissues, and least positive rate is found in liver of 46% (18/39). The newly designed iELISA proved sensitive and may be helpful for extensive examinations of TiLV infections and monitoring disease status even from apparently healthy samples using a non-invasive technology by collecting mucus as sample for iELISA.