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The Indian Enigma revisited.

Liza von Grafenstein1, Stephan Klasen2, John Hoddinott3

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The Indian Enigma of chronic undernutrition is not explained by birth order or child sex. Instead, differences in maternal heights account for the gap between Indian and African preschool children.

Keywords:
HeightIndiaIndian EnigmaNutritionSub-Saharan Africa

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Area of Science:

  • Global Health
  • Developmental Economics
  • Human Nutrition

Background:

  • The "Indian Enigma" refers to the paradox of high chronic undernutrition in India compared to sub-Saharan Africa.
  • Previous research suggested differential treatment of higher birth order children, especially girls, as a key factor.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-examine the causes of the "Indian Enigma" by analyzing new data.
  • To test the hypothesis that birth order and child sex explain the nutritional gap.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of new survey data.
  • Robustness checks for sampling design, model specification, and weighting.
  • Comparison of pre-school child height between India and sub-Saharan Africa.

Main Results:

  • Parameter estimates were sensitive to sampling design and model specification.
  • The height gap between pre-school children in India and Africa is narrowing.
  • The height gap is not driven by birth order or child sex.
  • Maternal height is a significant factor explaining the remaining height difference.

Conclusions:

  • The "Indian Enigma" is not explained by the differential treatment of higher birth order children or girls.
  • Differences in maternal height are a primary driver of the height gap between pre-school children in India and Africa.
  • After accounting for maternal height and other factors, the impact of being an Indian girl on height is not statistically significant.