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Related Concept Videos

Peptic Ulcer Disease III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:28

Peptic Ulcer Disease III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

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Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) presents with diverse symptoms depending on the location and severity of the ulcer. Clinical manifestations of peptic ulcer include dull pain and a burning sensation in the mid-epigastric region.
Few clinical manifestations differentiate gastric ulcers from duodenal ulcers. Distinctions in the location, timing, and pain relief are crucial for healthcare providers in differentiating between gastric and duodenal ulcers during clinical assessments.
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Peptic Ulcer Disease II: Pathophysiology01:28

Peptic Ulcer Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) is characterized by the development of ulcers in the stomach or duodenal mucosa. Its pathophysiology is complex, involving a balance between damaging and protective elements.
Damaging agents such as Helicobacter pylori, gastric acid, pepsin, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can weaken the mucosal defense, allowing hydrogen ions to infiltrate back and harm epithelial cells.
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Assessment of the Rectum and Anus01:25

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Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
Rectal Inspection
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Sigmoidoscopy and laparoscopy are distinct medical procedures that enable physicians to internally inspect different parts of the GI tract. Although they serve different purposes, each is essential for diagnosing and, in some cases, treating various medical conditions.
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Peptic Ulcer Disease I: Introduction01:30

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Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) is characterized by mucosal excavation in the esophagus, stomach, pylorus, or duodenum. It can manifest as acute or chronic based on the extent and duration of mucosal involvement.
An acute ulcer, marked by superficial erosion and minimal inflammation, swiftly resolves upon identifying and addressing the underlying cause. In contrast, a chronic ulcer persists, potentially eroding through the muscular wall and forming fibrous tissue.
Peptic ulcers can also be...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis01:27

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Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD, encompasses a group of disorders characterized by chronic inflammation or ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract.
Risk Factors
The exact cause of IBD remains unclear, although it is believed to be due to a mix of genetic, environmental, microbial, and immune factors. Genetic factors are significant in determining susceptibility to IBD, with family history being a critical risk factor. Individuals with a first-degree relative who has IBD are at...
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Updated: Aug 7, 2025

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Human Mpox Virus Proctitis With Persistent Rectal Ulcers on Sigmoidoscopy.

Alexa M Choy1, Michael Lyudmer1, Steven Su1

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The 2022 Mpox outbreak can cause severe rectal complications. This case highlights Mpox proctitis in an HIV-positive man, presenting with significant rectal pain and bleeding.

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health
  • Virology

Background:

  • The 2022 Mpox (monkeypox) outbreak raised global public health concerns.
  • Mpox virus (MPXV) infection typically presents with mucocutaneous lesions.
  • Systemic complications beyond skin manifestations are increasingly recognized.

Observation:

  • A 35-year-old male patient with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) presented with acute rectal pain and hematochezia.
  • Clinical examination revealed severe rectal ulceration and exudate during sigmoidoscopy.

Findings:

  • Sigmoidoscopy findings were pathognomonic for Mpox proctitis, a severe gastrointestinal manifestation of MPXV infection.
  • This presentation underscores the potential for MPXV to cause significant lower gastrointestinal pathology.

Implications:

  • Recognizing Mpox proctitis is crucial for timely diagnosis and management, especially in immunocompromised individuals.
  • This case expands the understanding of Mpox clinical spectrum and its impact on the gastrointestinal tract.
  • Public health strategies should consider the diverse clinical presentations of Mpox during outbreaks.