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Related Concept Videos

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....
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Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:24

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
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Lobes of the Cerebrum01:22

Lobes of the Cerebrum

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The cerebral cortex, a critical structure of the brain, is intricately divided into two hemispheres, each consisting of four distinct lobes: occipital, temporal, frontal, and parietal. These lobes function cooperatively to regulate various cognitive and sensory functions, forming the basis of our complex neural capabilities.
Frontal lobe
The frontal lobes, located behind the forehead, are the command center of our brain, controlling personality, intelligence, and voluntary muscle movements....
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Cerebral Hemispheres01:05

Cerebral Hemispheres

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The human brain, a complex organ, is functionally divided into two cerebral hemispheres—left and right. These hemispheres are interconnected by a structure of paramount importance, the corpus callosum. This substantial bundle of neural fibers is not just a bridge between the hemispheres but a crucial element for the brain's comprehensive functioning. It enables efficient communication between the two hemispheres, allowing each side of the brain to control and receive sensory and motor...
418
Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II01:11

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II

1.9K
Each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into three main regions. The outermost region, the cerebral cortex, is a thin layer (2 to 4 millimeters thick) made up of gray matter, consisting of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells, and blood vessels. The middle region, or white matter, is primarily composed of myelinated nerve fibers organized into three types of large tracts: association fibers, commissures, and projection fibers. Association fibers connect different areas within the same...
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Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 7, 2025

Ex utero Electroporation and Whole Hemisphere Explants: A Simple Experimental Method for Studies of Early Cortical Development
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Ex utero Electroporation and Whole Hemisphere Explants: A Simple Experimental Method for Studies of Early Cortical Development

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Patterning the cerebral cortex into distinct functional domains during development.

Dhivya Appan1, Shu-Meng Hsu1, Wen-Hsin Hsu1

  • 1Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.

Current Opinion in Neurobiology
|March 9, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mouse corticogenesis involves generating diverse neurons from uniform progenitors. This review details genetic mechanisms and key events in early cortical patterning for brain development.

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Last Updated: Aug 7, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The cerebral cortex comprises neocortex, paleocortex, and archicortex.
  • Cortical regions contain functional domains with unique cytoarchitecture and projections.
  • Excitatory projection neurons exhibit region-specific gene expression despite uniform dorsal telencephalon progenitors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge of mouse corticogenesis.
  • To discuss key events in early cortical patterning.
  • To highlight genetic mechanisms driving neural diversity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on mouse corticogenesis.
  • Analysis of genetic mechanisms in neural development.
  • Examination of early developmental stages and cortical patterning.

Main Results:

  • Progress has been made in defining genetic mechanisms for CNS diversity.
  • Understanding of progenitor cell differentiation into diverse neuronal types is advancing.
  • Key developmental events shaping the cortex are being elucidated.

Conclusions:

  • Genetic mechanisms are crucial for generating cortical diversity.
  • Early developmental stages and patterning are critical for functional brain architecture.
  • Further research into corticogenesis will illuminate brain development and evolution.