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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 7, 2025

Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model
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Thyroid Hormone Abuse Among Elite Athletes.

David J Handelsman1,2, Matti Gild3,4,5, Roderick Clifton-Bligh3,4,5

  • 1ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2139, Australia.

Journal of the Endocrine Society
|March 10, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid hormone abuse in sports is debated, but this study found minimal evidence of use among Australian athletes. Prevalence of thyroid hormone use was low in athletes undergoing anti-doping tests.

Keywords:
athletedopingthyroid hormone

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Endocrinology
  • Anti-Doping

Background:

  • Thyroid hormone (TH) abuse for performance enhancement in sports is controversial.
  • Usage prevalence among athletes is currently unknown.
  • TH is not prohibited under the World Anti-Doping Code.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prevalence of thyroid hormone use in Australian athletes.
  • To compare biochemical data with self-reported usage on doping control forms (DCFs).

Main Methods:

  • Analyzed serum samples from 498 Australian athletes for thyroid hormones (T4, T3, reverse T3, thyrotropin, free T4, free T3).
  • Surveyed 509 mandatory doping control forms (DCFs) for declared drug usage.
  • Utilized liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and immunoassays for hormone analysis.

Main Results:

  • Biochemical thyrotoxicosis was detected in 2 athletes, indicating a prevalence of 4 per 1000 (95% CL 16).
  • Only 2 DCFs declared T4 usage, and none declared T3 usage, also yielding a prevalence of 4 per 1000 (95% CL 16).
  • These findings were consistent with international data and lower than general population prescription rates.

Conclusions:

  • There is minimal evidence of thyroid hormone abuse among Australian athletes undergoing anti-doping tests.
  • Current detection methods and self-reporting suggest low prevalence of TH use in this cohort.