pH responsive cationic guar gum-borate self-healing hydrogels for muco-adhesion

We developed a new muco-adhesive hydrogel composed of cationic guar gum (CGG) and boric acid (BA). The CGG-BA precursor solution of 0.5-2% w/v concentration exhibited fluidity at low pH (3-5), while gelation occurred within 1 min at physiological pH (7-8) conditions. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy results confirmed the change in physical and chemical behavior, respectively, with change in pH. The pH-responsive self-healing ability was analyzed through microscopy and rheology. CGG-BA hydrogels showed good self-healing property at pH 7.4. The in vitro biocompatibility test of the hydrogel studied using NIH3T3 and NHEK cells showed that it was non-toxic at concentrations of CGG-BA below 2% w/v. Ex vivo mucoadhesive tests confirmed the hydrogel's potential for use as a muco-adhesive. Burst pressure tests were conducted using pig esophageal mucosa and the results showed that at pH 7.4, 1% w/v CGG-BA self-healable hydrogel resisted about 8 ± 2 kPa pressure, comparable to that of Fibrin glue. This was higher than that at solution (pH 5) and brittle gel (pH 10) conditions. To confirm the good adhesive strength of the self-healable hydrogels, lap shear tests conducted, resulted in adhesive strengths measured in the range of 1.0 ± 0.5-2.0 ± 0.6 kPa, which was also comparable to fibrin glue control 1.8 ± 0.6 kPa. Hydrogel weight measurements showed that 40-80% gel lasted under physiological conditions for 10 h. The results suggest that CGG-BA hydrogel has potential as a pH responsive mucosal protectant biomaterial.