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Related Concept Videos

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The movement of the legs is facilitated by numerous muscles located within the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh.
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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...
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The human leg comprises an intricate system of muscles that facilitate the movement of feet and toes. Within this system, the muscles are categorized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments, each with a unique set of muscles carrying out specific functions.
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The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 7, 2025

Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations
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Hamstring muscle injuries in athletics.

Spyridon A Iatropoulos1, Patrick C Wheeler1,2,3

  • 1School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.

The Physician and Sportsmedicine
|March 10, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Hamstring muscle injuries (HMI) are common in athletics. A prior HMI is the main risk factor, and recovery relies on graded rehabilitation, though specific components need more research.

Keywords:
Track and fieldclassification systemposterior thigh musclesrehabilitationreturn to sportrisk factorsprinting

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Athletic Training
  • Musculoskeletal Injury

Background:

  • Hamstring muscle injuries (HMI) are prevalent and recurrent in athletic disciplines like sprinting and jumping.
  • Heterogeneity in injury definitions and reporting hinders clarity in HMI research.
  • While evidence-based classification systems exist, universal clinical adoption is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the latest clinical literature on hamstring muscle injuries in athletics.
  • To identify risk factors, management strategies, and prognostic indicators for HMI.
  • To highlight areas requiring further research for improved HMI prevention and treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of current literature on hamstring muscle injuries in athletes.
  • Analysis of reported risk factors, including previous injury, modifiable, and non-modifiable factors.
  • Evaluation of current post-injury management, rehabilitation protocols, and surgical interventions.

Main Results:

  • Previous injury is the most significant risk factor for HMI, especially post-return-to-sport.
  • Evidence for modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors is limited.
  • Exercise-based injury reduction programs require further clarification on components and applicability.
  • Rehabilitation follows a graded progression; surgical repair evidence is conflicting and specific to certain injury types.
  • Combined physical examination and MRI are superior to imaging alone for predicting individual recovery duration.

Conclusions:

  • Addressing heterogeneity in HMI definitions and reporting is crucial.
  • Further research into specific rehabilitation components and progression criteria is needed for individualized approaches to reduce recurrent HMI.
  • A combined prognostic approach using physical examination and MRI offers better individual recovery prediction.