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Related Concept Videos

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
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Multi-species Conserved Sequences02:51

Multi-species Conserved Sequences

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Next-generation sequencing technologies have created large genomic databases of a variety of animals and plants. Ever since the human genome project was completed, scientists studied the genome of primates, mammals, and other phylogenetically distant living beings. Such large-scale  studies have provided new insights into the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
Although the genome of each species varies greatly from each other, a few sequences are highly conserved. Such conserved...
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Gene Families01:57

Gene Families

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Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
Occasionally these regions can be adapted to take on new roles within the organism, becoming novel genes...
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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Epistasis Analysis01:09

Epistasis Analysis

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Although Mendel chose seven unrelated traits in peas to study gene segregation, most traits involve multiple gene interactions that create a spectrum of phenotypes. When the interaction of various genes or alleles at different locations influences a phenotype, this is called epistasis. Epistasis often involves one gene masking or interfering with the expression of another (antagonistic epistasis). Epistasis often occurs when different genes are part of the same biochemical pathway. The...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 7, 2025

Genetic Mapping of Thermotolerance Differences Between Species of Saccharomyces Yeast via Genome-Wide Reciprocal Hemizygosity Analysis
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Essential genes: a cross-species perspective.

Pilar Cacheiro1, Damian Smedley2

  • 1William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.

Mammalian Genome : Official Journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society
|March 10, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Essential genes, crucial for survival, reveal fundamental biological processes and disease mechanisms. Understanding gene essentiality aids in discovering new disease genes and therapeutic targets.

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Human Disease

Background:

  • Protein-coding genes show varying intolerance to loss-of-function variations.
  • Highly intolerant genes are essential for cell and organism survival.
  • These genes offer insights into fundamental biological processes like cell proliferation and development, and human disease mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of resources and knowledge on gene essentiality.
  • To discuss the implications of different evidence sources and definitions for determining gene essentiality.
  • To highlight the utility of gene essentiality information for disease gene discovery and therapeutic target identification.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing resources and knowledge on gene essentiality.
  • Analysis of data from cancer cell lines, model organisms, and human development studies.
  • Evaluation of different definitions and evidence sources for gene essentiality.

Main Results:

  • Gene essentiality varies significantly across different genes.
  • Essential genes are critical for fundamental biological processes.
  • Diverse data sources contribute to understanding gene essentiality.

Conclusions:

  • Gene essentiality is a key factor in understanding biological function and disease.
  • Information on gene essentiality is valuable for identifying novel disease genes.
  • Gene essentiality data can guide the identification of potential therapeutic targets.