Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

13.3K
Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...
13.3K
Ribosomes01:27

Ribosomes

7.9K
Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.
Ribosome Structure and Assembly
Ribosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. In eukaryotes, rRNA is transcribed from genes in the nucleolus—a part of the nucleus that specializes in ribosome...
7.9K
Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

3.6K
Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique...
3.6K
Translation01:31

Translation

15.0K
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
15.0K
The Nucleolus02:55

The Nucleolus

8.9K
The nucleolus is the most prominent substructure of the nucleus. When it was first discovered, it was considered to be an isolated organelle that forms fibrils and granules. In 1931, the relationship between the nucleolus and chromosomes was first described by Heitz. He observed that the appearance and size of nucleolus varies depending on the stage of the cell cycle. He also noticed constricted regions on different chromosomes clustered together at definite cell cycle stages. These regions,...
8.9K
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

967
The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
967

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Adaptive evolution of Topoisomerase II triggers reproductive isolation in Drosophila.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

The discovery of the mammalian fusome.

eLife·2026
Same author

A programmed decline in ribosome levels governs human early neurodevelopment.

Nature cell biology·2025
Same author

Bourbon and Mycbp function with Otu to promote Sxl protein expression in the <i>Drosophila</i> female germline.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2025
Same author

A non-canonical role for a small nucleolar RNA in ribosome biogenesis and senescence.

Cell·2024
Same author

Recurrent Duplication and Diversification of a Vital DNA Repair Gene Family Across Drosophila.

Molecular biology and evolution·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 7, 2025

Peering at Brain Polysomes with Atomic Force Microscopy
08:49

Peering at Brain Polysomes with Atomic Force Microscopy

Published on: March 16, 2016

8.4K

Ribosome biogenesis and function in development and disease.

Chunyang Ni1, Michael Buszczak1

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.

Development (Cambridge, England)
|March 10, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Ribosome production and function are crucial for multicellular development. Emerging research reveals ribosome diversity impacts cell fate and disease, necessitating a re-evaluation of these molecular machines.

Keywords:
BiogenesisDifferentiationHeterogeneityRibosomeRibosome concentrationRibosome specializationStem cellsmRNA translation

More Related Videos

Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale
10:56

Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale

Published on: May 17, 2014

68.8K
Global Identification of Co-Translational Interaction Networks by Selective Ribosome Profiling
06:58

Global Identification of Co-Translational Interaction Networks by Selective Ribosome Profiling

Published on: October 7, 2021

2.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 7, 2025

Peering at Brain Polysomes with Atomic Force Microscopy
08:49

Peering at Brain Polysomes with Atomic Force Microscopy

Published on: March 16, 2016

8.4K
Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale
10:56

Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale

Published on: May 17, 2014

68.8K
Global Identification of Co-Translational Interaction Networks by Selective Ribosome Profiling
06:58

Global Identification of Co-Translational Interaction Networks by Selective Ribosome Profiling

Published on: October 7, 2021

2.5K

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Differential transcription initiates multicellular development, but mRNA translation by ribosomes is the ultimate gene readout.
  • Ribosomes were historically viewed as uniform, but recent evidence highlights their complexity and diversity in development.

Approach:

  • This review discusses developmental disorders linked to ribosome production and function.
  • It highlights studies on variable ribosome levels and protein synthesis across cells and tissues.
  • The review also touches upon ribosome heterogeneity in stress responses and development.

Key Points:

  • Variable ribosome production and protein synthesis levels exist across different cell types and tissues.
  • Changes in protein synthesis capacity can significantly influence cell fate decisions during development.
  • Ribosome heterogeneity plays a role in cellular stress responses and developmental processes.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding ribosome biogenesis and function is critical for comprehending development and disease.
  • Considering both ribosome quantity and functional specialization is essential for future research in developmental biology and medicine.