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Related Concept Videos

Atherosclerosis I: Introduction01:30

Atherosclerosis I: Introduction

25
Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder characterized by the buildup of plaques on the arterial inner wall, causing them to narrow and harden over time. These plaques comprise lipids, calcium, blood components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissue. The process primarily affects the intima of large and medium-sized arteries, reducing blood flow in any artery.Etiology and risk factorsThe cause of atherosclerosis is multifactorial, involving a complex interplay among endothelial injury, lipid...
25
Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology01:26

Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) originates from a series of events that impair the function of coronary arteries, the blood vessels responsible for delivering oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. The pathophysiology of CAD is closely linked to atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory and lipid-driven condition affecting the vascular endothelium.1. Endothelial DamageThe process begins with damage to the vascular endothelium, which serves as a protective barrier between the blood and the vessel...
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Inflammation01:38

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Overview
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Atherosclerosis III: Management01:26

Atherosclerosis III: Management

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Management of atherosclerosis involves an integrated strategy encompassing pharmacological treatment, surgical interventions, lifestyle changes, and nutrition therapy to address the multifactorial nature of the disease.Pharmacological TherapyA cornerstone of atherosclerosis management is the use of pharmacological agents. Statins, such as atorvastatin, are pivotal in inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme that catalyzes an initial step in cholesterol synthesis in the liver. This reduction in...
16
Atherosclerosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Tests01:27

Atherosclerosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Tests

21
Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder that leads to the thickening and narrowing of arterial walls due to plaque buildup. This condition can cause various symptoms depending on the arteries affected:Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): This condition affects the coronary arteries and may lead to chest pain (angina), shortness of breath (dyspnea), heart attacks, and other heart disease symptoms.Cerebrovascular Disease: This affects blood flow to the brain, causing transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)...
21
Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction

40
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): An Overview with Scientific InsightsCoronary Artery Disease (CAD), often referred to as C-A-D, is a prevalent blood vessel disorder classified under the broader category of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a pathological process characterized by the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. These plaques are composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, inflammatory cells, calcium, and fibrin, reducing blood flow to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 7, 2025

Quantification of Atherosclerosis in Mice
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Residual risks and evolving atherosclerotic plaques.

Sunil K Noothi1, Mohamed Radwan Ahmed1, Devendra K Agrawal2

  • 1Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. Second Street, Pomona, CA, USA.

Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
|March 10, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Despite advanced treatments for atherosclerotic diseases, a significant residual risk of cardiovascular events and strokes persists. Understanding plaque evolution is key to managing this persistent risk in coronary and carotid arteries.

Keywords:
Acute cardiac eventAtherosclerosisFibrous capInflammationResidual riskStable PlaqueUnstable plaqueVulnerability

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Vascular Biology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Atherosclerotic disease in coronary and carotid arteries is a leading global cause of mortality and morbidity.
  • Despite advances in revascularization, statins, and risk factor modification, a substantial residual risk remains.
  • This residual risk contributes to prevalent and new cases of cardiovascular events and strokes annually.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the global burden of atherosclerotic diseases.
  • To present clinical evidence of residual risks in atherosclerotic diseases despite advanced management.
  • To discuss evolving plaque concepts, biology, and progression mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical evidence on residual risks in atherosclerotic diseases.
  • Critical discussion of plaque evolution and underlying mechanisms.
  • Utilizing advanced imaging techniques like intravascular ultrasound, optical coherence tomography, and near-infrared spectroscopy.

Main Results:

  • Advanced imaging provides unprecedented detail on plaque characteristics (size, composition, lipid volume, fibrous cap thickness).
  • These insights enhance understanding of plaque progression from stable to unstable states.
  • Understanding plaque evolution aids in predicting major adverse atherothrombotic events.

Conclusions:

  • Atherosclerotic diseases continue to pose a significant health burden globally.
  • Residual risk in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events necessitates further research and improved management strategies.
  • Advanced intravascular imaging techniques are crucial for characterizing plaque and informing clinical decisions.