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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Exercise Science

Background:

  • Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder impacting executive functions.
  • Exercise is a recommended behavioral treatment for ADHD, yet underlying neural mechanisms are not fully understood.
  • Previous research indicates exercise benefits executive function in individuals with ADHD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate task-evoked brain responses during exercise versus seated rest in adolescents with and without ADHD.
  • To explore how exercise influences neural activity in brain regions associated with cognitive tasks.

Main Methods:

  • 38 adolescents (15 with ADHD, 23 typically developing) completed working memory and inhibitory tasks.
  • Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) measured brain activity during cycling (exercise) and seated rest (control).
  • Linear mixed-effects models with FDR correction analyzed brain activity in 16 regions of interest.

Main Results:

  • Adolescents with ADHD exhibited slower response speeds and lower accuracy on working memory tasks during exercise compared to typically developing peers.
  • During an inhibitory task, ADHD participants showed decreased parietal lobe activity with exercise, while typically developing participants showed increased activity.
  • Both groups demonstrated increased frontal and temporoparietal junction activity during a working memory task when exercising.

Conclusions:

  • Adolescents with ADHD face challenges with dual-tasking, and exercise may alter neural resources in critical brain areas.
  • Exercise-induced modulation of brain activity in frontal and temporoparietal regions, often hypoactive in ADHD, warrants further investigation.
  • Future research should explore the longitudinal effects of exercise on these neural mechanisms in ADHD.