Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.

Viral Mutations

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...

Viral Recombination

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.

Viruses with RNA Genomes

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...

Retroviruses

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...

Transduction

Transduction

Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Resurgence of Chikungunya virus: rising global threat and challenges in its mitigation.

Frontiers in pharmacology·2026

Same author

Neglected tropical diseases: recent trends and challenges associated with its rapid diagnosis and effective therapeutic strategies.

Frontiers in pharmacology·2026

Same author

Rabies threatens as a preventable viral disease with persistent control barriers: one health approach suggested as a rightful intervention.

Annals of medicine and surgery (2012)·2026

Same author

Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) outbreak among hostel inmates in Odisha, India.

Virusdisease·2025

Same author

mRNA Vaccines in Cancer Immunotherapy: Recent Advances, Clinical Translation, and Future Perspectives.

Current medical science·2025

Same author

Genomic Surveillance for Viruses of Public Health importance in Low-and-Middle-Income Countries: Opportunities and Challenges.

Expert review of molecular diagnostics·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 7, 2025

Assays for the Identification of Novel Antivirals against Bluetongue Virus

Assays for the Identification of Novel Antivirals against Bluetongue Virus

Published on: October 11, 2013

Bluetongue virus: Past, present, and future scope.

Subhra Subhadra¹, Daggupati Sreenivasulu², Ritesh Pattnaik³

¹Virology lab (VRDL), ICMR- Regional Medical Research Center, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

Journal of Infection in Developing Countries

|March 10, 2023

Summary

Bluetongue (BT), a global viral disease in ruminants transmitted by Culicoides midges, is spreading worldwide due to climate change. This review covers current BT research, host-vector interactions, diagnostics, and control strategies.

Keywords:

Bluetongue virus Culicoides arthropod disease ruminants

More Related Videos

Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes: A Functional Genomics Tool for the Study of Positive-strand RNA Viruses

Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes: A Functional Genomics Tool for the Study of Positive-strand RNA Viruses

Published on: December 29, 2015

Validating Whole Genome Nanopore Sequencing, using Usutu Virus as an Example

Validating Whole Genome Nanopore Sequencing, using Usutu Virus as an Example

Published on: March 11, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 7, 2025

Assays for the Identification of Novel Antivirals against Bluetongue Virus

Assays for the Identification of Novel Antivirals against Bluetongue Virus

Published on: October 11, 2013

Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes: A Functional Genomics Tool for the Study of Positive-strand RNA Viruses

Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes: A Functional Genomics Tool for the Study of Positive-strand RNA Viruses

Published on: December 29, 2015

Validating Whole Genome Nanopore Sequencing, using Usutu Virus as an Example

Validating Whole Genome Nanopore Sequencing, using Usutu Virus as an Example

Published on: March 11, 2020

Area of Science:

Veterinary Virology
Epidemiology
Insect Vector Biology

Background:

Bluetongue (BT) is an economically significant viral disease affecting ruminants, globally distributed and transmitted by Culicoides biting midges.
The bluetongue virus (BTV) is a compulsory notification disease to the OIE, impacting livestock worldwide.
Climate change facilitates the spread of BTV and its vectors into new regions and hosts.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current global findings on bluetongue disease status.
To highlight advancements in understanding BTV, its vectors, and host interactions.
To summarize diagnostic approaches and control strategies for BTV.

Main Methods:

Literature review of recent research on bluetongue virus (BTV).
Analysis of studies on virus-host-vector interactions.
Compilation of information on diagnostic methods and control strategies.

Main Results:

Bluetongue virus (BTV) has expanded its global range, influenced by climate change.
Significant progress has been made in understanding BTV's molecular biology, life cycle, and vector transmission dynamics.
Various diagnostic tools and control measures for bluetongue are available and evolving.

Conclusions:

Bluetongue remains a critical global animal health concern with expanding geographical distribution.
Continued research into BTV, its vectors, and host interactions is crucial for effective disease management.
Integrated strategies encompassing diagnostics and control are essential for mitigating the impact of bluetongue.