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Van der Waals Interactions

Van der Waals Interactions

Atoms and molecules interact with each other through intermolecular forces. These electrostatic forces arise from attractive or repulsive interactions between particles with permanent, partial, or temporary charges. The intermolecular forces between neutral atoms and molecules are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, and dispersion forces, collectively known as van der Waals forces.

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...

Volatilization

Volatilization

Volatilization gravimetry is an analytical technique that measures the mass lost due to the volatilization of the substance. This technique is used to estimate the amount of volatile material in a sample. To perform this method, heat a known amount of the sample to a high temperature in a crucible or other suitable vessel. The volatile substance in the sample evaporates, and the vapor is completely expelled from the crucible either by heating the sample or bubbling a stream of inert gas through...

Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model

Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model

Various dissolution theories provide insight into the factors that influence the dissolution rate. Danckwerts' Model suggests that turbulence, rather than a stagnant layer, characterizes the dissolution medium at the solid-liquid interface. In this model, the agitated solvent contains macroscopic packets that move to the interface via eddy currents, facilitating the absorption and delivery of the drug to the bulk solution. The regular replenishment of solvent packets maintains the...

Real Gases: Effects of Intermolecular Forces and Molecular Volume Deriving Van der Waals Equation

Real Gases: Effects of Intermolecular Forces and Molecular Volume Deriving Van der Waals Equation

Thus far, the ideal gas law, PV = nRT, has been applied to a variety of different types of problems, ranging from reaction stoichiometry and empirical and molecular formula problems to determining the density and molar mass of a gas. However, the behavior of a gas is often non-ideal, meaning that the observed relationships between its pressure, volume, and temperature are not accurately described by the gas laws.

Van der Waals Equation

Van der Waals Equation

The ideal gas law is an approximation that works well at high temperatures and low pressures. The van der Waals equation of state (named after the Dutch physicist Johannes van der Waals, 1837−1923) improves it by considering two factors.
First, the attractive forces between molecules, which are stronger at higher densities and reduce the pressure, are considered by adding to the pressure a term equal to the square of the molar density multiplied by a positive coefficient a. Second, the volume...

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Updated: Aug 7, 2025

Analysis of Complex Molecules and Their Reactions on Surfaces by Means of Cluster-Induced Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Analysis of Complex Molecules and Their Reactions on Surfaces by Means of Cluster-Induced Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Published on: March 1, 2020

Inverse Volcano: A New Molecule-Surface Interaction Phenomenon.

Michelle S Akerman¹, Roey Sagi¹, Micha Asscher¹

¹Institute of Chemistry, Edmund J. Safra Campus, Givat-Ram The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.

Physical Review Letters

|March 10, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Ammonia molecules are ejected from solid water films toward a ruthenium substrate when heated. This "inverse volcano" process occurs due to host crystallization or desorption, impacting guest molecule behavior.

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In Situ SIMS and IR Spectroscopy of Well-defined Surfaces Prepared by Soft Landing of Mass-selected Ions

In Situ SIMS and IR Spectroscopy of Well-defined Surfaces Prepared by Soft Landing of Mass-selected Ions

Published on: June 16, 2014

Area of Science:

Surface science
Physical chemistry
Materials science

Background:

The "molecular volcano" describes explosive guest molecule desorption during amorphous solid water crystallization.
Understanding guest-host interactions in solid films is crucial for various applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the ejection mechanism of ammonia (NH_{3}) guest molecules from molecular host films towards a Ru(0001) substrate upon heating.
To characterize the phenomenon as an "inverse volcano" process.

Main Methods:

Utilized temperature programmed contact potential difference measurements.
Employed temperature programmed desorption measurements.

Main Results:

Observed abrupt ejection of NH_{3} guest molecules from host films onto the Ru(0001) substrate.
Demonstrated that NH_{3} migration is driven by host molecule crystallization or desorption.
Identified the process as an "inverse volcano" phenomenon.

Conclusions:

The "inverse volcano" process is a probable mechanism for dipolar guest molecules with strong substrate interactions.
Heating-induced crystallization or desorption of host films triggers NH_{3} migration towards the substrate.
This study provides new insights into guest molecule behavior in solid matrices.