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Related Concept Videos

Antidepressant Drugs: Tricyclics, SSRIs, and SNRIs01:28

Antidepressant Drugs: Tricyclics, SSRIs, and SNRIs

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Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs), including Desipramine (Norpramin), Imipramine (Tofranil), Clomipramine (Anafranil), and Amitriptyline (Elavil), inhibit serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake and also block other receptors. They are used for depression, pain conditions, and insomnia. Common adverse effects include anticholinergic effects, sedation, orthostatic hypotension, and weight gain. They have a narrow therapeutic window and so require plasma-level monitoring. Abrupt discontinuation can...
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Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents01:23

Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents

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Atypical antidepressants, including bupropion (Wellbutrin), mirtazapine (Remeron), nefazodone (Serzone), trazodone (Desyrel), and vilazodone (Viibryd), offer unique mechanisms of action. Bupropion weakly inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake, aiding depression treatment and smoking cessation, with a low risk of sexual dysfunction. Mirtazapine enhances serotonin and norepinephrine neurotransmission, leading to sedation, increased appetite, and weight gain. As a result, it helps treat...
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Serotonin, a crucial neurotransmitter synthesized by enterochromaffin cells, plays a cardinal role in regulating gastrointestinal (GI) motility. With over 90% of the body's total serotonin in the GI tract, its influence on digestive processes is profound. Serotonin is swiftly released upon various stimuli, such as food boluses or certain drugs, triggering intrinsic sensory neurons in the myenteric plexus and extrinsic vagal and spinal sensory neurons. This leads to the activation of the...
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Male Sexual Response: Erection & Ejaculation01:17

Male Sexual Response: Erection & Ejaculation

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Sexual stimulation can take various forms, such as physical touch and visual or auditory cues. When this happens, the parasympathetic reflex in the sacral portion of the spinal cord is activated. This reflex stimulates the release of nitric oxide (NO), which then dilates the arterioles in the penis, increasing blood flow to the erectile tissues - the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum.
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Antidepressant Drugs: Overview01:25

Antidepressant Drugs: Overview

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Antidepressant drugs are a class of medications primarily used for treating various mood disorders, including major depression, anxiety disorders, and other related conditions. These medicines work by modulating the neurotransmitter balance within the brain, alleviating depressive symptoms. Antidepressants can be broadly categorized into several groups according to their mechanism of action and chemical structure: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), Serotonin-Norepinephrine...
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G-protein Coupled Receptors01:21

G-protein Coupled Receptors

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G-protein coupled receptors are ligand binding receptors that indirectly affect changes in the cell. The actual receptor is a single polypeptide that transverses the cell membrane seven times creating intracellular and extracellular loops. The extracellular loops create a ligand specific pocket which binds to neurotransmitters or hormones. The intracellular loops holds onto the G-protein.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 7, 2025

Network Pharmacology and Validation of the Antidepressant Mechanisms of Qiangzhifang in a Chronic Restraint Stress-induced Depression Rat Model
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The pathophysiology of Post SSRI Sexual Dysfunction - Lessons from a case study.

Samantha Klaas1, Jessica Barbut Siva1, Maarten Bak2

  • 1Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience Section Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie
|March 10, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Post-SSRI Sexual Dysfunction (PSSD) is a recognized condition causing persistent sexual and neurological symptoms after antidepressant discontinuation. Further research is needed to understand its mechanisms and develop effective treatments.

Keywords:
AntidepressantsErectile dysfunctionGenital anaesthesiaPost-SSRI sexual dysfunction (PSSD)Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Post-SSRI Sexual Dysfunction (PSSD) is increasingly recognized but remains poorly understood, underdiagnosed, and undertreated.
  • The European Medicines Agency acknowledges PSSD as a condition persisting after SSRI/SNRI antidepressant cessation.

Observation:

  • A 55-year-old male patient experienced persistent low libido, delayed ejaculation, erectile dysfunction, 'brain zaps', and bladder issues after stopping venlafaxine.
  • Symptoms suggest PSSD, necessitating further clinical investigation.

Findings:

  • Serotonergic dysregulation, particularly 5-HT1A receptor downregulation, is implicated in PSSD symptoms.
  • Potential downstream effects involve neurosteroid and oxytocin systems.

Implications:

  • Improved understanding of PSSD pathophysiology is crucial for developing targeted treatment strategies.
  • Further research into post-SSRI/SNRI changes in serotonergic and noradrenergic mechanisms is required.