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Related Concept Videos

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Explicit memories, also known as declarative memories, are consciously remembered, recalled, and reported. Studying for a chemistry exam involves material that will become part of explicit memory. There are two types of explicit memory: episodic and semantic.
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A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze...
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The hippocampus, a critical brain structure, plays an essential role in memory processing, particularly in the formation and retrieval of memory. This small, seahorse-shaped region is located within the medial temporal lobe, with one hippocampus in each brain hemisphere. Experimental studies involving lesions in the hippocampi of rats have demonstrated significant impairments in tasks such as object recognition and maze navigation, indicating the hippocampus involvement in both recognition and...
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Long-Term Memory01:18

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Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
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The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the...
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Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or...
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Typicality in the brain during semantic and episodic memory decisions.

Emma Delhaye1, Moreno I Coco2, Mohamed A Bahri3

  • 1GIGA-CRC IVI, Liege University, Belgium; CICPSI, Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal.

Neuropsychologia
|March 10, 2023
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Summary

Typical items are easier to categorize, while distinct atypical items are better remembered. Brain scans reveal the anterior temporal lobe (ATL) is key for typicality in both semantic and episodic memory retrieval.

Keywords:
Episodic memorySemantic memoryTypicalityfMRI

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neuroimaging
  • Memory Research

Background:

  • Concept typicality influences categorization and memory retrieval.
  • Typical items share more features within a category; atypical items are more distinctive.
  • Neural correlates of typicality in semantic tasks involve the anterior temporal lobe (ATL) and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), but are less understood in episodic memory.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate neural correlates of concept typicality in both semantic and episodic memory.
  • Identify brain regions associated with semantic typicality.
  • Understand how typicality affects neural reinstatement during memory retrieval.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study with 26 healthy young adults.
  • Encoding phase: Category verification task (typical vs. atypical concepts).
  • Retrieval phase: Recognition memory task, followed by Representation Similarity Analyses (RSA).

Main Results:

  • Behaviorally, typical items showed higher accuracy and faster responses in categorization; atypical items were better recognized.
  • During categorization, the angular gyrus was more active for typical items, and the inferior frontal gyrus for atypical items.
  • Representation Similarity Analyses revealed greater neural reinstatement for typical items in regions including the left precuneus and left ATL during retrieval.

Conclusions:

  • Typicality impacts both semantic processing and episodic memory retrieval.
  • Greater neural reinstatement of typical items suggests finer-grained processing is needed for their accurate retrieval.
  • Findings confirm the anterior temporal lobe's (ATL) crucial role in typicality processing and extend this to memory retrieval.