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Related Concept Videos

Telomeres and Telomerase02:41

Telomeres and Telomerase

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In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded...
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Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
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Replicative cell senescence is a property of cells that allows them to divide a finite number of times throughout the organism's lifespan while preventing excessive proliferation. Replicative senescence is associated with the gradual loss of the telomere — short, repetitive DNA sequences found at the end of the chromosomes. Telomeres are bound by a group of proteins to form a protective cap on the ends of chromosomes. Embryonic stem cells express telomerase — an enzyme that adds...
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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
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The mitochondrial cristae membrane is the primary site for the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) process of energy conversion mediated through respiratory complexes I to V. These complexes have been widely studied for decades, and it has been proven that they form supramolecular structures called respiratory supercomplexes (SC). These higher-order complexes may be crucial in maintaining the biochemical structure and improving the physiological activity of the individual complexes while...
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Updated: Aug 7, 2025

Telomere Length and Telomerase Activity; A Yin and Yang of Cell Senescence
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Telomere Length and Telomerase Activity; A Yin and Yang of Cell Senescence

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TERT Extra-Telomeric Roles: Antioxidant Activity and Mitochondrial Protection.

Jessica Marinaccio1, Emanuela Micheli1, Ion Udroiu1

  • 1Department of Science, University "ROMA TRE", 00146 Rome, Italy.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|March 11, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) protects cells from oxidative stress by reducing reactive oxygen species and enhancing antioxidant defenses. TERT also localizes to mitochondria, preserving their function under stress.

Keywords:
electron microscopymitochondrionoxidative responseprimary cell linestelomerase catalytic subunit

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is crucial for maintaining telomere length.
  • Emerging evidence suggests TERT possesses non-canonical functions, including antioxidant properties.
  • Understanding these roles is vital for cellular health and disease research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the antioxidant role of TERT in human fibroblasts.
  • To determine TERT's response to oxidative stress induced by X-rays and H2O2.
  • To explore TERT's localization and function within mitochondria.

Main Methods:

  • Overexpression of hTERT in human fibroblasts (HF-TERT).
  • Exposure to X-ray and H2O2 to induce oxidative stress.
  • Measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and antioxidant protein expression.
  • Assessment of TERT mitochondrial localization and mitochondrial markers (quantity, membrane potential, morphology).

Main Results:

  • HF-TERT cells showed reduced ROS induction and increased antioxidant protein expression.
  • TERT was confirmed to localize in mitochondria, with increased presence after H2O2 treatment.
  • Mitochondrial quantity decreased in HF-TERT cells, but membrane potential and morphology were better preserved under oxidative stress.

Conclusions:

  • TERT exhibits a protective function against oxidative stress.
  • TERT contributes to maintaining mitochondrial functionality during oxidative challenges.
  • TERT's non-canonical antioxidant role, including mitochondrial localization, is significant for cellular protection.