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Related Concept Videos

Differential Relays01:20

Differential Relays

216
Differential relays are used to protect generators, buses, and transformers by comparing electrical quantities at different points. When a fault occurs, the difference in current between the two points triggers the relay to operate, opening the circuit breaker. Under normal conditions, the current entering (i1) and leaving (i2) a generator are equal. When a fault occurs, however, these currents become unequal, and the difference current flows in the relay operating coil, causing the relay to...
216
Directional Relays01:25

Directional Relays

157
Directional relays, essential for managing unidirectional fault currents, enhance the safety and efficiency of power systems. On power lines equipped with directional relays, faults downstream (to the right) of the current transformer typically cause the fault current to lag the bus voltage by approximately 90 degrees, known as the forward direction. In contrast, upstream (left-side) faults may result in the fault current leading the bus voltage by nearly 90 degrees, termed the reverse...
157
Radial System Protection01:23

Radial System Protection

130
Radial systems employ time-delay overcurrent relays to reduce load interruptions. When a fault occurs, the nearest breaker opens first, while upstream breakers remain closed due to longer delay settings. This approach ensures minimal disruption to the rest of the system.
In a radial system with a fault downstream of the third breaker, ideally, only the third breaker will open, isolating the fault and interrupting the load connected beyond it. The second breaker has a longer delay setting,...
130
Pilot and Numeric Relaying01:21

Pilot and Numeric Relaying

119
Pilot relaying is a type of differential protection used in power systems. It compares electrical quantities at the terminals of equipment via a communication channel instead of direct relay interconnection. This method is essential for transmission lines where the terminals are far apart, typically up to 80 km for lines with 69 to 115 kV ratings. Four types of communication channels are used for pilot relaying:
119
Overcurrent Relays01:26

Overcurrent Relays

142
Overcurrent relays, crucial for circuit protection, are connected to the secondary current of a current transformer. There are two primary types of overcurrent relays: instantaneous and time-delay.
Instantaneous overcurrent relays activate immediately when the input current exceeds a predetermined value, known as the pickup current, instantly energizing the circuit breaker trip coil. This rapid response is vital for addressing severe faults quickly.
Time-delay overcurrent relays, on the other...
142
Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lag Control01:21

Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lag Control

132
Phase-lag controllers are widely used in control systems to improve stability and reduce steady-state errors. A dimmer switch controlling the brightness of a light bulb serves as a practical example of phase-lag control, gradually adjusting the bulb's brightness. Mathematically, phase-lag control or low-pass filtering is represented when the factor 'a' is less than 1.
Phase-lag controllers do not place a pole at zero, but instead influence the steady-state error by amplifying any...
132

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A Time Synchronization Protocol for Barrage Relay Networks.

Woong Son1, Jungwook Choi2, Soobum Park2

  • 1Department of Electronics Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|March 11, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new time synchronization protocol for cooperative wireless networks using Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA). The protocol improves accuracy and speed, outperforming existing methods in simulations.

Keywords:
barrage relay networkcooperative transmissionnetwork time reference selectiontime synchronizationtime-division multiple access (TDMA)wireless multi-hop ad hoc network

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Area of Science:

  • Wireless communication networks
  • Ad hoc networks
  • Network protocols

Background:

  • Time-division multiple access (TDMA) is crucial for wireless multi-hop ad hoc networks, requiring precise time synchronization.
  • Existing synchronization methods face challenges in cooperative relay environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel time synchronization protocol for TDMA-based cooperative multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks, termed barrage relay networks (BRNs).
  • To introduce an enhanced network time reference (NTR) selection technique to minimize convergence time and time error.

Main Methods:

  • The protocol utilizes cooperative relay transmissions for sending time synchronization messages.
  • A new NTR selection technique considers hop count and network degree for optimal reference node selection.
  • Nodes overhear neighbor information including User Identifier (UID), Hop Count (HC), and network degree.

Main Results:

  • The proposed protocol demonstrates significant improvements in average time error and convergence time compared to conventional methods.
  • Simulations validate the protocol's effectiveness across various network scenarios.
  • The protocol exhibits enhanced robustness against packet loss.

Conclusions:

  • The novel time synchronization protocol with NTR selection is effective for cooperative barrage relay networks.
  • The proposed method offers superior performance and reliability over existing time synchronization techniques.