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Related Concept Videos

Electrocardiogram01:29

Electrocardiogram

2.6K
An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a critical diagnostic tool that records the electrical signals produced by the heart during each heartbeat. This recording is achieved through electrodes placed strategically on the arms, legs, and chest. The electrocardiograph amplifies these signals and produces 12 distinct tracings, offering a comprehensive understanding of the heart's electrical activity.
Three major waveforms are present in a typical ECG recording: the P wave, the QRS complex, and...
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Holter Monitor: 24-Hour Monitoring01:23

Holter Monitor: 24-Hour Monitoring

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Holter monitoring is a continuous electrocardiography (ECG) recording that tracks the heart's electrical activity over an extended period, generally 24 to 48 hours. This noninvasive diagnostic tool detects irregular heart rhythms that may not be captured during a standard ECG performed in a clinical setting.DeviceThe Holter monitor is a portable, small device connected to several electrodes on the patient's chest. These electrodes detect the heart's electrical signals and transmit them to the...
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Pulse rhythm01:30

Pulse rhythm

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Pulse rhythm refers to the pattern of pulsations within specific intervals, offering valuable insights into the regularity or irregularity of the heart's beats as observed through the pattern of pulsation within specific intervals. A regular pulse exhibits a consistent heart rate with uniform waveforms and pulsation force, variations of which can be classified as normal, weak, or bounding.
Conversely, an irregular pulse pattern is termed dysrhythmia, stemming from disruptions in cardiac...
872
Electrocardiogram Fundamentals01:28

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

666
Introduction
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a diagnostic tool for identifying cardiac conditions such as arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, and myocardial ischemia.
Definition
An electrocardiogram (ECG) visualizes the heart's electrical activity by tracing the electrical movement associated with each heartbeat on a graph or monitor. As the heart beats, an electrical wave passes through it, correlating with the cardiac cycle events.
Parts of an ECG
An ECG utilizes electrodes on the skin...
666
Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle01:25

Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle

7.6K
The electrical signals recorded on an electrocardiogram (ECG) occur before the mechanical processes of contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
A cardiac action potential originates in the SA node and spreads throughout the atria and the AV node in approximately 0.03 seconds. This results in the P wave in an ECG and triggers atrial contraction. The action potential is then briefly slowed at the AV node, allowing the atria to contract and fill the ventricles with blood before...
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Exercise Stress Test01:26

Exercise Stress Test

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Introduction
Exercise stress testing, commonly known as a treadmill test, is a noninvasive procedure used to evaluate cardiovascular function and diagnose heart conditions.
Definition
An exercise stress test measures the heart's response to exertion using a treadmill or stationary bicycle. Chest electrodes record the heart's electrical activity through an ECG, and blood pressure is monitored regularly.
Purposes
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 7, 2025

Patient Directed Recording of a Bipolar Three-Lead Electrocardiogram using a Smartwatch with ECG Function
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Using a Smartwatch to Record Precordial Electrocardiograms: A Validation Study.

Joske van der Zande1,2,3, Marc Strik1,2, Rémi Dubois1,2

  • 1IHU Liryc, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, Fondation Bordeaux Université, F-33600 Pessac, France.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|March 11, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Smartwatches can reliably record electrocardiograms (ECG) from the wrist, ankle, or chest. This validation study shows Apple Watch ECGs are comparable to standard 12-lead ECGs for clinical use.

Keywords:
Apple Watchambulatory electrocardiographycardiac arrhythmiasmobile healthreliabilitywearables

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Medical Devices

Background:

  • Smartwatches with single-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) capabilities are increasingly used off-wrist.
  • The reliability of these devices for frontal and precordial ECG leads beyond Lead I is not well-established.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To clinically validate the reliability of an Apple Watch (AW) for recording conventional frontal and precordial ECG leads.
  • To compare AW-recorded ECGs against standard 12-lead ECGs in diverse patient populations.

Main Methods:

  • A clinical validation study involving 200 subjects (including those with and without cardiac anomalies).
  • Standard 12-lead ECGs were performed, followed by AW recordings of Einthoven leads (I, II, III) and precordial leads (V1, V3, V6).
  • Bland-Altman analysis was used to compare seven ECG parameters (wave amplitudes and intervals) between AW and standard ECGs.

Main Results:

  • AW-ECGs recorded on the wrist and beyond showed comparable durations and amplitudes to standard 12-lead ECGs.
  • Significantly greater R-wave amplitudes were observed in precordial leads V1, V3, and V6 using the AW (p < 0.001), indicating a positive bias.
  • The study confirmed similar measurements for other ECG parameters, demonstrating good agreement.

Conclusions:

  • Apple Watch can reliably record frontal and precordial ECG leads.
  • These findings support broader clinical applications for smartwatch-based ECG monitoring.