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In an electrical system with a resistor, voltage and current signals facilitate the measurement of power and energy across the resistor. For a continuous-time signal, the total energy over a time interval is defined as the integral of the square of the signal's magnitude over that interval. Mathematically, this is expressed as:
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Electrical Energy01:10

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Using electric appliances for a longer period of time consumes more electrical energy and results in a higher electric bill. The energy produced by the transfer of electrons from one point to another is known as electrical energy. If power is delivered at a constant rate, the electrical energy can be defined as the product of power used by the device for a period of time. The energy unit on electric bills is the kilowatt-hour, where one kilowatt-hour is equivalent to 3.6 × 106 joules.
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Electric power is the product of current and voltage, represented in units of joules per second, or watts. For example, cars often have one or more auxiliary power outlets with which you can charge a cell phone or other electronic devices. These outlets may be rated at 20 amps and 12 volts, so that the circuit can deliver a maximum power of 240 watts. Consider a 25 Watt bulb and a 60 Watt bulb. The conversion of electrical energy produces heat and light, while the kinetic energy lost by the...
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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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In electrical engineering, the analysis of networks composed of passive linear components — resistors (R), capacitors (C), and inductors (L) — is fundamental. These components are organized into circuits where the relationship between input and output can be analyzed using transfer functions. The transfer function of an RLC circuit, which relates the voltage across a capacitor to the input voltage, can be derived using Kirchhoff's laws.
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Related Experiment Video

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Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
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Internet-of-Things (IoT) Platform for Road Energy Efficiency Monitoring.

Asmus Skar1, Anders Vestergaard1, Shahrzad M Pour2

  • 1Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Nordvej, B119, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|March 11, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new method uses in-vehicle sensors to monitor road energy efficiency. This approach quantifies road conditions and can help improve transportation energy management.

Keywords:
emissioninfrastructure monitoringlive road condition assessmentpavement analysisroad energy labelingsmart cities

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Area of Science:

  • Transportation Engineering
  • Energy Efficiency
  • Road Infrastructure Management

Background:

  • Road transportation is a major energy consumer, yet standard methods for measuring road network energy efficiency are lacking.
  • Current data limitations hinder road agencies' ability to manage networks and quantify energy-saving initiatives.
  • A need exists for a scalable, frequent, and weather-independent road energy efficiency monitoring system.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a novel concept for monitoring road energy efficiency using in-vehicle sensor data.
  • To enable road agencies to frequently measure and quantify energy efficiency across large road networks.
  • To assess the correlation between normalized energy consumption and road roughness.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an Internet-of-Things (IoT) device to collect onboard measurements from in-vehicle sensors.
  • Developed a normalization procedure to model and account for primary driving resistances.
  • Validated the method with initial datasets and applied it to electric vehicles on highways and urban roads, comparing results with road roughness data (IRI).

Main Results:

  • The normalized energy consumption metric was found to correlate positively with road roughness (average Pearson correlation of 0.88 for aggregated data).
  • An increase in International Roughness Index (IRI) of 1 m/km corresponded to a 3.4% rise in normalized energy consumption.
  • The method successfully demonstrated that normalized energy data reflects road surface conditions.

Conclusions:

  • The developed method provides a promising approach for large-scale road energy efficiency monitoring.
  • Normalized energy consumption derived from in-vehicle sensors is a viable indicator of road roughness.
  • Leveraging connected vehicle technologies, this system can support future road infrastructure management and energy conservation efforts.