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Multi-omics studies in interpreting the evolving standard model for immune functions.

Dipyaman Ganguly1

  • 1IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.

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Summary

Developing a unified theory of immunity is challenging due to complex data. Multi-omics approaches offer new opportunities to understand immune responses in health and disease.

Keywords:
epigenomegenomicsimmunitymetabolomicsmicrobiomemulti-omicsnonselfscRNAseqselfstandard model

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Systems Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Existing general theories of immunity, such as self-nonself discrimination, the danger model, and discontinuity theory, struggle to accommodate recent data across diverse clinical contexts.
  • The complexity of immune system involvement in organismal physiology and pathophysiology necessitates a more comprehensive and integrative model.
  • A unified evolutionary teleology for immune functions in multicellular organisms remains an elusive goal.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address the challenge of deriving a standard model of immunity that can generalize diverse immunological data.
  • To explore how recent technological advances can facilitate a more integrative understanding of immunocellular mechanisms.
  • To incorporate the heterogeneity of immune responses in health and disease into a potential standard model.

Main Methods:

  • Leveraging technological advancements for multi-omics investigations of ongoing immune responses.
  • Integrating data from genome, epigenome, transcriptome (coding and regulatory), proteome, metabolome, and tissue-resident microbiome.
  • Analyzing multi-dimensional data to map the heterogeneity of immune response composition, trajectory, and endpoints.

Main Results:

  • Multi-omics investigations provide opportunities for deeper insights into immunocellular mechanisms across various clinical contexts.
  • The ability to map heterogeneous immune responses in health and disease is enhanced through integrated data analysis.
  • Technological advancements enable a more comprehensive view of the immune system's role in overall organismal function.

Conclusions:

  • A standard model of immunity requires the integration of multi-omics data to account for the complexity and heterogeneity of immune responses.
  • Future models must incorporate insights from genome to microbiome to achieve a unified understanding of immune functions.
  • Advancements in multi-omics and data analysis are crucial for developing a generalized theory of immunity.