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Cardiac Cycle

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The cardiac cycle refers to the sequence of events that occur in the heart from the beginning of one heartbeat to the next. It's characterized by alternating periods of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the heart muscles.
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The heart beats rhythmically in a sequence called the cardiac cycle—a rapid coordination of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole).
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The pulse is one of the most fundamental physiological indicators of the body's cardiovascular health. It is the rhythmic expansion and contraction of the arterial walls in response to the pressure generated by the heart's pumping action.
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Pulse regulation involves physiological mechanisms that ensure adequate blood flow throughout the body. The heartbeat, regulated by the autonomic nervous system, is influenced by hormonal balance, physical activity, and emotional state.
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Autorhythmicity is a term that refers to the heart's inherent ability to generate electrical signals and instigate muscle contractions. This self-regulating conduction system within the heart consists of two key components: the pacemaker cells and specialized conducting cells.
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The primary role of cardiac muscles is to propel blood throughout the cardiovascular system. The cardiac muscle cells, or cardiomyocytes, exhibit specialized characteristics that allow them to perform this function.
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Perceived time expands and contracts within each heartbeat.

Irena Arslanova1, Vassilis Kotsaris2, Manos Tsakiris3

  • 1Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EY, UK.

Current Biology : CB
|March 11, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Heartbeat timing influences our perception of time, contracting it during systole and expanding it during diastole. This effect diminishes with increased emotional arousal, altering time perception.

Keywords:
arousalcardiac phasecardiac signalduration perceptionfacial expressioninteroceptiontemporal bisectiontemporal distortiontime perception

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Perception of time is malleable and influenced by emotional arousal.
  • Neural processing occurs against a backdrop of continuous interoceptive signals, including cardiac activity.
  • Cardiac cycle fluctuations (systole and diastole) impact neural and information processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how cardiac cycle fluctuations distort experienced time.
  • To examine the interaction between cardiac-led time distortion and subjective arousal.
  • To understand the role of interoception in temporal perception.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a temporal bisection task with stimuli (neutral shapes, tones, facial expressions) presented time-locked to systole and diastole.
  • Experiment 1: Assessed duration perception of emotionally neutral stimuli.
  • Experiment 2: Assessed duration perception of emotionally arousing facial expressions (happy, fearful) and correlated with arousal ratings.

Main Results:

  • Systole contracted perceived duration, while diastole expanded it for neutral stimuli.
  • Cardiac-led time distortions were modulated by arousal levels of facial expressions.
  • At high arousal, cardiac-led time distortions diminished, with a general shift towards temporal contraction.

Conclusions:

  • Momentary cardiac fluctuations demonstrably distort subjective time perception.
  • The interplay between cardiac timing and arousal significantly impacts temporal experience.
  • Heightened arousal disrupts the cardiac-modulated balance of time perception, favoring contraction.