Multi-walled carbon nanotube induced liver injuries possibly by promoting endoplasmic reticulum stress in Cyprinus...

The mass production and discharge of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to the water environment are of great concern since they threaten the health of organisms in the aquatic ecosystem. CNTs induce multi-organ injuries in fish, but limited literature is available regarding the mechanisms involved. In the present study, juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were exposed to multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) (0.25 mg L^-1 and 2.5 mg L^-1) for four weeks. MWCNTs caused dose-dependent alterations in the pathological morphology of liver tissues. Ultrastructural changes manifested as nuclear deformation, chromatin condensation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) disorderly arrangement, mitochondria vacuolation, and mitochondrial membrane destruction. TUNEL analysis indicated that the apoptosis rate in hepatocytes markedly increased upon exposure to MWCNTs. Moreover, the apoptosis was confirmed by significant upregulation of mRNA levels of apoptosis-related genes (Bcl-2, XBP1, Bax, and caspase3) in MWCNTs-exposure groups, except for Bcl-2 expression which was not significantly changed in HSC groups (2.5 mg L^-1 MWCNTs). Furthermore, real-time PCR assay indicated the increased expression of ER stress (ERS) marker genes (GRP78, PERK, and eIF2α) in the exposure groups compared to the control groups, suggesting that the PERK/eIF2α signaling pathway involved in the injuries of the liver tissue. Overall, the results above indicate that MWCNTs induce ERS by activating the PERK/eIF2α pathway in the liver of common carp, and resulted in the initiation of apoptosis procedure.