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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 7, 2025

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Chemokines in thyroid autoimmunity.

Silvia Martina Ferrari1, Sabrina Rosaria Paparo2, Francesca Ragusa3

  • 1Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
|March 12, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chemokine receptor CXCR3 and its ligands are key in autoimmune diseases like Graves' disease. Targeting this pathway may offer new treatments for autoimmune thyroid disorders.

Keywords:
Autoimmune thyroid disordersAutoimmune thyroiditisCCL2CXCL10CXCL11CXCL9CXCR3ChemokinesCytokinesGraves’ diseaseGraves’ ophthalmopathy

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology
  • Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Diseases

Background:

  • The chemokine receptor CXCR3 and its ligands (CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11) play a role in autoimmune disease development.
  • Th1 lymphocytes are recruited by Th1 chemokines, creating a feedback loop that exacerbates inflammation.
  • Autoimmune thyroid disorders (AITD), including Graves' disease (GD) and autoimmune thyroiditis, are common autoimmune conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of the CXCR3-chemokine axis in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disorders.
  • To highlight the importance of chemokines in thyroid autoimmunity.
  • To identify potential therapeutic targets for AITD.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on CXCR3, its chemokines, and their involvement in autoimmune diseases.
  • Analysis of the immune response in the early (Th1-dominant) and late (Th2-switch) phases of AITD.
  • Focus on Graves' disease and its extrathyroidal manifestations like Graves' ophthalmopathy.

Main Results:

  • The CXCR3-chemokine pathway is implicated in the pathogenesis of AITD.
  • Th1 immune responses are prominent in the early stages of AITD.
  • A shift to a Th2 immune response occurs in the inactive phase of AITD.

Conclusions:

  • Chemokines are crucial in the development of thyroid autoimmunity.
  • The CXCR3 receptor and its chemokines represent promising therapeutic targets for novel drug development in AITD.
  • Targeting the CXCR3-chemokine axis could offer new treatment strategies for autoimmune thyroid disorders.