Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 7, 2025

A Simple Fluorescence-based Reporter Assay to Identify Cellular Components Required for Ricin Toxin A Chain RTA Trafficking in Yeast
Published on: December 15, 2017
Interaction of RTX toxins with the host cell plasma membrane
1Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
Abstract:
Repeats in ToXins (RTX) protein family is a group of exoproteins secreted by Type 1 secretion system (T1SS) of several Gram-negative bacteria. The term RTX is derived from the characteristic nonapeptide sequence (GGxGxDxUx) present at the C-terminus of the protein. This RTX domain binds to calcium ions in the extracellular medium after being secreted out of the bacterial cells, and this facilitates folding of the entire protein. The secreted protein then binds to the host cell membrane and forms pores via a complex pathway, which eventually leads to the cell lysis. In this review, we summarize two different pathways in which RTX toxins interact with host cell membrane and discuss the possible reasons for specific and unspecific activity of RTX toxins to different types of host cells.
Related Concept Videos
Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane
In 1993, Jim Rothman proposed that the antiparallel pairing of vesicular and transmembrane SNAREs, or...
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis
Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis of LDL
One well-characterized example of receptor-mediated endocytosis is the...
Toxic Reactions: Overview
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases

