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Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Bone marrow transplant is a potential cure for several diseases, including cancer and specific genetic disorders. Notably, this procedure is applicable for patients suffering from aplastic anemia, certain types of leukemia, severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID), Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, thalassemia, sickle-cell disease, and certain cancers.
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Bone marrow lesions in osteoarthritis: From basic science to clinical implications.

Xiaorui Shi1, Yiying Mai1,2, Xiaofeng Fang1

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Bone marrow lesions (BMLs) are key MRI findings in osteoarthritis (OA). This review explores BMLs

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Radiology
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent musculoskeletal condition causing joint damage and disability.
  • Bone marrow lesions (BMLs) are common MRI findings in OA, linked to subchondral bone degeneration.
  • Emerging evidence suggests BMLs may precede cartilage degeneration in OA pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current basic and clinical research on subchondral BMLs in OA.
  • To elucidate the molecular, cellular, and microenvironmental factors in BML formation.
  • To highlight the subchondral bone-cartilage crosstalk in OA development and discuss therapeutic strategies targeting BMLs.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of basic and clinical studies on BMLs in OA.
  • Focus on molecular pathways, cellular abnormalities, and microenvironmental changes in subchondral bone.
  • Analysis of the interplay between subchondral bone and cartilage in OA pathogenesis.

Main Results:

  • Subchondral bone degeneration, including BMLs and angiogenesis, can occur earlier than cartilage degeneration.
  • BMLs are recognized as important OA biomarkers, but their precise role and clinical impact are debated.
  • Understanding BML formation involves molecular pathways, cellular changes, and microenvironmental factors.

Conclusions:

  • BMLs play a significant role in OA pathogenesis, potentially initiating earlier than cartilage damage.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the exact role and clinical implications of BMLs in OA.
  • Targeting BMLs offers promising novel therapeutic strategies for osteoarthritis treatment.