Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 7, 2025

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer
Published on: March 1, 2015
Central Forehead Ischemic Skin Injury following Glabellar Botulinum: A Paradigm Microshift?
Stephanie D Hynes1, Danny J Soares1,2
1American Foundation for Aesthetic Medicine (AFFAM), Fruitland Park, Fla.
Abstract:
Vascular occlusion events have surged in incidence due to the increased popularity of cosmetic injectables. Ostensibly, treatments that involve nonparticulate solutions, such as botulinum, have traditionally been thought to carry no risk of vaso-occlusive complications. In this article, we report the first published instance of a suspected ischemic skin injury after botulinum injection to the glabella and surmise on the potential etiological mechanisms that may underlie these rare occurrences.

