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Related Concept Videos

Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview01:23

Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview

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Sedatives are drugs that alleviate anxiety, while hypnotics induce sleep. Both classes of medication suppress neuronal activity, leading to a calming effect for sedatives and facilitating sleep for hypnotics.
Sedative-hypnotics are categorized into barbiturates, benzodiazepines (BZDs), and non-benzodiazepines or Z-drugs. These drugs work by suppressing central nervous system activity, and this suppression is dose-dependent. Older sedative medications, like barbiturates, follow a linear curve in...
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Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

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Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
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Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

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Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
175
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Benzodiazepines01:19

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Benzodiazepines

320
Benzodiazepines have both sedative and hypnotic properties. They include compounds such as diazepam (Valium) and alprazolam (Xanax). Structurally, their cores are similar, consisting of the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring, but they share a common mechanism of action in the central nervous system (CNS).
Benzodiazepines work by enhancing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. They bind to the GABAA receptor, increasing its affinity for GABA, which opens chloride...
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Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates01:20

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates

381
Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a drug class that acts on the central nervous system (CNS) to alleviate anxiety, promote relaxation and induce sleep.These drugs function by amplifying the actions of the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), resulting in reduced neuronal activity. Barbiturates, a subset of sedatives and hypnotics first synthesized in the late 1800s, are categorized into ultra-short, short, intermediate, and long-acting groups based on their duration of effect. A...
381
Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

389
Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
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Updated: Aug 7, 2025

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy DISE with Target Controlled Infusion TCI and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
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Practical guide for safe sedation.

Tetsuya Hara1, Akiko Ozawa2, Koh Shibutani3

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan. tetsuya@nagasaki-u.ac.jp.

Journal of Anesthesia
|March 13, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This guide ensures safe sedation outside the operating room for adults, detailing sedation levels and risks. It emphasizes patient consent, preoperative evaluation, and continuous monitoring for effective and secure patient care.

Keywords:
Non-anesthesiologistsPatient safetyPractice guidelineSedation

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Anesthesiology
  • Patient Safety

Background:

  • Sedation outside the operating room (OR) requires specific protocols.
  • Deep sedation carries risks like respiratory depression and aspiration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a practical guide for safe and effective adult sedation.
  • To outline sedation levels, risk assessment, and management strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Classification of sedation levels based on consciousness, reflexes, ventilation, and cardiovascular function.
  • Preoperative evaluation of airway and patient condition.
  • Guidelines for necessary equipment, drugs, and preoperative fasting.

Main Results:

  • Deep sedation is associated with loss of consciousness and protective reflexes.
  • Invasive procedures may necessitate deep sedation with appropriate analgesia.
  • Continuous biological monitoring is crucial until discharge criteria are met.

Conclusions:

  • Anesthesiologist involvement is key for safe sedation management systems.
  • Informed consent and risk evaluation are essential components of the sedation process.
  • Preventing aspiration through preoperative fasting is vital for moderate to deep sedation.