Seasonality does not influence cortisol or testosterone production, or seminal quality of stallions located at low latitudes

The effects of seasonality on the reproduction of stallions vary based on the latitude. Although previous studies have shown the influence of seasonality in raw semen quality in south-eastern Brazil, data regarding the influence of seasonality in cooled and frozen stored semen in Brazil is limited. Therefore, in this study, we have analysed if seasonality influences the hormone production (i.e., cortisol and testosterone), spermatogenesis, and quality of fresh, cooled, and frozen semen of stallions in central Brazil, and established the season most suitable for semen cryopreservation in a latitude of 15°S. Ten stallions were followed-up for one year, which was divided into two seasons, namely, drought, and rainy. Fresh, cooled, and frozen-thawed semen samples were assessed using CASA and flow cytometry. Additionally, the temperature and humidity index (THI) was calculated to determine the thermal stress. Although the THI varied between the two seasons, no thermal stress was observed throughout the year, nor were there differences in the physiological parameters of the stallions or plasma cortisol or testosterone levels. Furthermore, differences were not detected in total and progressive motility, sperm capacitation, and sperm membrane integrity, as well as in the number of live sperm with intact acrosomes and high mitochondrial membrane potential, between the two seasons in the fresh and frozen-thawed semen. Our data suggest that semen can be effectively collected and cryopreserved throughout the year within central regions of Brazil.