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Trichoderma metabolites trigger aggregation behavior in Formosan subterranean termites (Coptotermes formosanus).

Lang Zhang1, Cong Yi1, Chengju Du1

  • 1College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.

Insect Science
|March 14, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Certain Trichoderma fungi extracts, specifically from Trichoderma asperellum and Trichoderma virens, induce aggregation in Formosan subterranean termites (Coptotermes formosanus). Key metabolites like phenol and diglycolic acid show potent aggregation activity.

Keywords:
Trichodermaaggregation behaviorinsect-fungus interactionsemiochemicalsubterranean termite

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Area of Science:

  • Mycology
  • Entomology
  • Chemical Ecology

Background:

  • Previous research indicated Trichoderma fungi can trigger aggregation in Formosan subterranean termites (Coptotermes formosanus).
  • The precise mechanisms driving this termite aggregation response to Trichoderma remain largely unelucidated.
  • Understanding these interactions is crucial for developing novel pest management strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the specific Trichoderma fungal extracts and metabolites responsible for inducing aggregation behavior in Coptotermes formosanus.
  • To identify key chemical compounds within Trichoderma species that elicit aggregation responses in subterranean termites.
  • To explore the potential of these compounds in termite control applications.

Main Methods:

  • Extraction of Trichoderma asperellum and Trichoderma virens using aqueous and acetone solvents.
  • Conducting 2-choice tests to assess termite aggregation responses to fungal extracts.
  • Screening of nine identified Trichoderma metabolites for their ability to trigger termite aggregation.

Main Results:

  • Both aqueous and acetone extracts of Trichoderma asperellum and Trichoderma virens elicited significant aggregation in Coptotermes formosanus.
  • Phenol, 3-ethoxypropionic acid, ethyl 2,4-dioxovalerate, and diglycolic acid demonstrated the strongest aggregation activities over 24 hours.
  • Different metabolites from T. asperellum and T. virens suggest varied mechanisms in termite-fungal interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Specific metabolites from Trichoderma fungi, notably phenol, 3-ethoxypropionic acid, ethyl 2,4-dioxovalerate, and diglycolic acid, are potent inducers of termite aggregation.
  • The distinct metabolite profiles suggest diverse interaction mechanisms between different Trichoderma species and subterranean termites.
  • Further research is warranted to evaluate the potential of these aggregation-inducing chemicals in termite baiting and control strategies.