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Related Concept Videos

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
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Updated: Aug 7, 2025

Microfluidic Fabrication of Polymeric and Biohybrid Fibers with Predesigned Size and Shape
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Electrospun Core-Sheath Fibers with a Uniformly Aligned Polymer Network Liquid Crystal (PNLC).

Zhibo Zhang1,2, Andrey Bolshakov1, Jiecai Han1

  • 1National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, P. R. China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|March 14, 2023
PubMed
Summary

New polymer-liquid crystal (PLC) fibers offer improved temperature and chemical sensing. These flexible fibers demonstrate a broad responsive range and rapid optical changes when exposed to heat or volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

Keywords:
electrospun fibersliquid crystalsoptical responsephase transitionpolymer networks

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Electrospun polymer-liquid crystal (PLC) fibers are promising for wearable sensors and adaptive textiles due to flexibility and rapid response.
  • Existing PLC fibers suffer from limited responsive ranges and poor heat and chemical resistance, hindering practical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop novel PLC fibers with enhanced thermal stability, chemical resistance, and a broader responsive range.
  • To investigate the potential of these new fibers for flexible temperature and volatile organic compound (VOC) sensing applications.

Main Methods:

  • Coaxial electrospinning was employed to create core-sheath PLC fibers, with 4'-pentyl-4-biphenylcarbonitrile (5CB) in the core and a mixture of PVP and reactive mesogen (RM) in the sheath.
  • UV exposure was used to cross-link the 5CB core and diffused RM, forming a stable liquid crystal polymer.
  • Fiber morphology, mesogen alignment, thermal properties, response times, and optical responses to heat and VOCs (toluene) were characterized.

Main Results:

  • Uniform core-sheath fibers with an average diameter of 3.2 ± 0.5 μm were successfully fabricated, exhibiting unidirectional mesogen alignment.
  • The PLC fibers demonstrated a broad phase-transition temperature range (13.5–155.5 °C) and rapid response times (<10 s for temperature, <25 s for toluene vapor).
  • The developed fibers exhibited excellent heat and chemical resistance with reversible optical responses.

Conclusions:

  • The novel coaxial electrospun PLC fibers overcome limitations of existing materials, offering superior thermal and chemical stability.
  • These fibers show significant potential for developing high-performance, flexible temperature sensors and VOC detectors.
  • Tunable properties through component adjustment and UV exposure time allow for tailored sensor applications.