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Related Experiment Video

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Hand Controlled Manipulation of Single Molecules via a Scanning Probe Microscope with a 3D Virtual Reality Interface
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What is manipulation? A new definition.

David W Evans1,2, Nicholas Lucas3

  • 1Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. dwe@backpainclinic.co.uk.

BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
|March 15, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study defines manipulation as the separation of joint surfaces causing cavitation. The proposed definition is valid, complete, and minimally sufficient for clinical and research use.

Keywords:
AdjustmentCavitationDefinitionHigh velocityInterventionManipulationManual therapyMobilizationThrust

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Clinical Biomechanics
  • Musculoskeletal Research

Background:

  • Existing definitions of manipulation in healthcare lack clarity and consistency.
  • Problems with current definitions hinder precise communication and research in the field.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To derive a set of eligibility criteria for a valid definition of manipulation.
  • To develop a new, empirically supported definition of manipulation.

Main Methods:

  • Established eligibility criteria based on existing definitions of manipulation.
  • Utilized empirical data to select components for a new definition.

Main Results:

  • Defined manipulation as: "Separation (gapping) of opposing articular surfaces of a synovial joint, caused by a force applied perpendicularly to those articular surfaces, that results in cavitation within the synovial fluid of that joint."
  • Defined the mechanical response of manipulation as: "Separation (gapping) of opposing articular surfaces of a synovial joint that results in cavitation within the synovial fluid of that joint."
  • Defined the action of manipulation as: "A force applied perpendicularly to the articular surfaces."

Conclusions:

  • The new definitions are considered valid, complete, minimally sufficient, and robust.
  • The clarity and transparency of the formation process are expected to promote widespread adoption in clinical, research, and educational settings.