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Subviral Agents01:29

Subviral Agents

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Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Rous Sarcoma virus or RSV was discovered by F. Peyton Rous in the year 1911 as a filterable transmissible agent that could cause tumors in chickens. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1966. His experiments clearly demonstrated that some cancers could be caused by infectious agents and led to the discovery of many more cancer-causing viruses in animals as well as humans.
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 6, 2025

Production of Pseudotyped Particles to Study Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses in a Biosafety Level 2 Setting
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Pseudotyped Virus for Papillomavirus.

Xueling Wu1, Jianhui Nie2, Youchun Wang3,4

  • 1Cell Collection and Research Center, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|March 15, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pseudotyped papillomavirus technology aids research due to difficulties culturing the virus in vitro. This review covers the development and application of pseudotyped papillomavirus methods for various research needs.

Keywords:
Cervical cancerHuman papillomavirusNeutralizationPseudotyped virus

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Vaccinology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Papillomavirus is challenging to culture in vitro, hindering scientific investigation.
  • Pseudotyped virus technology offers a crucial tool for studying virus infectivity and evaluating vaccines and inhibitors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the development, optimization, standardization, and application of pseudotyped papillomavirus methods.
  • To highlight the importance of tailored pseudotyped virus systems for different applications, including vaccine evaluation and animal models.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on pseudotyped papillomavirus generation.
  • Analysis of different methods for creating pseudotyped papillomavirus based on application.

Main Results:

  • Various pseudotyped papillomavirus generation methods have been developed.
  • Specific systems are required for evaluating L1-based and L2-based human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines.
  • High-titer pseudotyped virus and specialized procedures are essential for robust animal models.

Conclusions:

  • Pseudotyped papillomavirus technology is vital for advancing papillomavirus research.
  • Standardization and optimization of methods are key for reliable results in vaccine and inhibitor studies.