Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Development of Immunocompetence

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...

Pathophysiology of Peptic Ulcer Disease: Mucosal Defense Factors

Pathophysiology of Peptic Ulcer Disease: Mucosal Defense Factors

Peptic ulcer disease, commonly called PUD, represents a multifaceted condition characterized by disruptions in the lining of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Central to the protection of the gastrointestinal lining is the mucosal-bicarbonate barrier. This physiological defense mechanism is a formidable shield against the corrosive effects of gastric acid and pepsin secretion in the stomach. Its role is pivotal in maintaining the structural integrity of the stomach's inner lining.

Anatomy of the Intestines

Anatomy of the Intestines

Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
Small Intestines
The small intestine is an ~7 meter-long tube with an inner diameter of just 2.5 cm. Since most nutrients are absorbed here, the inner lining of the...

Surface Membrane Barriers

Surface Membrane Barriers

The skin and mucous membranes serve as the primary line of defense against pathogens by providing both physical and chemical protection. These barriers are essential in preventing the entry and establishment of microbes, thereby maintaining the integrity of the host.
The outer layer of the skin, the epidermis, is a robust barrier comprising layers of closely packed keratinized cells. This dense arrangement prevents microbes from penetrating the body. The periodic shedding of epidermal cells...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Salmonella SopB suppresses post-transcriptionally regulated cytokine release to reduce early tissue inflammation and delay disease progression.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

Single-cell detection and quantification of the microbiota by MicFLY.

Cell host & microbe·2026

Same author

Probiotic-conditioned microbiota from preterm infants modulate immune response to pathogen challenge in a microbiota-humanized mouse model.

Frontiers in immunology·2026

Same author

Neonatal liver niches program T cell tolerance.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same author

Connections between <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> bloodstream dynamics and serotype-independent capsule properties.

Infection and immunity·2026

Same author

Single-cell quantification of the microbiota by flow cytometry: MicFLY.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025

Same journal

Targeting cholesterol esterification sensitizes liver cancer to CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell attack by impairing metabolic and redox resilience.

Immunity·2026

Same journal

Brain endothelial cells orchestrate a neuroprotective antiviral state in the CNS in response to peripheral viral pattern sensing.

Immunity·2026

Same journal

Extracellular ATP-P2RY2 signaling drives intratumoral prostaglandin E2 accumulation and adaptive resistance to immunotherapy in solid tumors.

Immunity·2026

Same journal

B cell-derived type I interferon sustains T cell functionality upon strong TCR stimulation during chronic infection.

Immunity·2026

Same journal

Lactate binds and inhibits the innate immune sensor STING to promote tumor immune evasion.

Immunity·2026

Same journal

Antibody binding geometry and affinity control inhibitory hFcγRIIB receptor signaling.

Immunity·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 6, 2025

Noninvasive Sampling of Mucosal Lining Fluid for the Quantification of In Vivo Upper Airway Immune-mediator Levels

Noninvasive Sampling of Mucosal Lining Fluid for the Quantification of In Vivo Upper Airway Immune-mediator Levels

Published on: August 7, 2017

Programmed and environmental determinants driving neonatal mucosal immune development.

Natalia Torow¹, Timothy W Hand², Mathias W Hornef¹

¹Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.

|March 15, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Neonatal immune development involves distinct phases influenced by environment and genetics. Early-life exposures shape long-term immune responses and health, impacting disease risk.

More Related Videos

A Murine Model of Fetal Exposure to Maternal Inflammation to Study the Effects of Acute Chorioamnionitis on Newborn Intestinal Development

A Murine Model of Fetal Exposure to Maternal Inflammation to Study the Effects of Acute Chorioamnionitis on Newborn Intestinal Development

Published on: June 24, 2020

A Neonatal Imaging Model of Gram-Negative Bacterial Sepsis

A Neonatal Imaging Model of Gram-Negative Bacterial Sepsis

Published on: August 12, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 6, 2025

Noninvasive Sampling of Mucosal Lining Fluid for the Quantification of In Vivo Upper Airway Immune-mediator Levels

Noninvasive Sampling of Mucosal Lining Fluid for the Quantification of In Vivo Upper Airway Immune-mediator Levels

Published on: August 7, 2017

A Murine Model of Fetal Exposure to Maternal Inflammation to Study the Effects of Acute Chorioamnionitis on Newborn Intestinal Development

A Murine Model of Fetal Exposure to Maternal Inflammation to Study the Effects of Acute Chorioamnionitis on Newborn Intestinal Development

Published on: June 24, 2020

A Neonatal Imaging Model of Gram-Negative Bacterial Sepsis

A Neonatal Imaging Model of Gram-Negative Bacterial Sepsis

Published on: August 12, 2020

Area of Science:

Immunology
Developmental Biology
Microbiology

Background:

The neonatal mucosal immune system undergoes critical developmental phases.
These phases are shaped by both environmental cues and intrinsic programming.
Early life represents a "window of opportunity" for immune system programming.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the successive phases of neonatal mucosal immune development.
To understand the influence of environmental stimuli on immune homeostasis.
To explore the long-term consequences of early-life exposures on health outcomes.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on neonatal immunology and developmental programming.
Analysis of the impact of dietary and microbial stimuli on immune responses.
Examination of evolutionary developmental programming's role independent of external factors.

Main Results:

Neonatal immune development is characterized by distinct, non-redundant phases.
Environmental factors (diet, microbiota) and intrinsic programming interact to shape immunity.
Early-life immune thresholds established during the "window of opportunity" are critical.

Conclusions:

Early-life exposures significantly influence immunological and metabolic homeostasis.
Modifications in breastfeeding, diet, and microbial exposure impact future disease risk.
Understanding these early-life processes is key to preventing diseases like asthma, allergy, and obesity.