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Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
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In cross-sectional research, a researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time. If they were interested in people's dietary habits, the researcher might directly compare different groups of people by age. Instead of following a group of people for 20 years to see how their dietary habits changed from decade to decade, the researcher would study a group of 20-year-old individuals and compare them to a group of 30-year-old individuals and a group of 40-year-old...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 6, 2025

The Motivation for Alcohol Reward: Predictors of Progressive-Ratio Intravenous Alcohol Self-Administration in Humans
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A Systematic Approach to Standardizing Drinking Outcomes From Timeline Followback Data.

Christina Marini1, Nicole S Northover1, Noah D Gold1

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.

Substance Abuse : Research and Treatment
|March 16, 2023
PubMed
Summary

A new standard operating procedure (SOP) for the timeline followback (TLFB) interview improves alcohol assessment. This method more accurately calculates standard drinks, enhancing the reliability of alcohol consumption data.

Keywords:
Timeline followbackalcohol usegold standardstandard operating procedure

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Area of Science:

  • Addiction Research
  • Public Health
  • Quantitative Psychology

Background:

  • The timeline followback (TLFB) interview is a key tool for assessing alcohol use quantitatively.
  • Variability in alcohol content of self-reported drinks can impact TLFB data accuracy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a detailed standard operating procedure (SOP) for precise standard drink calculation in TLFB interviews.
  • To enhance the reliability and validity of quantitative alcohol use assessment.

Main Methods:

  • Defined standard drinks as 0.6 oz (14 g) of absolute alcohol.
  • Determined beverage volumes and alcohol by volume (ABV) from reliable sources.
  • Constructed cocktail recipes using bartending education resources.

Main Results:

  • Implementing the new TLFB SOP resulted in higher reported standard drink totals compared to the standard procedure.
  • The standard procedure often equates one self-reported drink to one standard drink, potentially underestimating consumption.

Conclusions:

  • Inconsistent standard drink calculation methods can distort TLFB data interpretation.
  • A detailed, consistently applied SOP significantly reduces inconsistencies in alcohol consumption reporting.
  • Standardized procedures for calculating standard drinks improve the overall quality of TLFB drinking data.