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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 6, 2025

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses
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Paranoid thinking and perceived competitive intention.

Yutaka Horita1

  • 1Department of Psychology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.

Peerj
|March 16, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Paranoid thinking involves expecting others to be competitive, even at a cost to themselves. This study found that while paranoia reflects this belief, it doesn't necessarily lead to avoiding perceived threats.

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Behavioral Economics
  • Social Neuroscience

Background:

  • Paranoid thinking, characterized by beliefs of hostility, exists in the general population.
  • Paranoia is defined as expecting others to be competitors aiming to maximize payoff differences, not their own gains.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if paranoia stems from the irrational belief in others' competitive intentions.
  • To determine if paranoid thinking is linked to avoiding perceived competition.

Main Methods:

  • Recruited 884 US residents online.
  • Utilized a modified Dictator Game for monetary allocation tasks.
  • Assessed participants' paranoid thinking levels and allocation choices.

Main Results:

Keywords:
CompetitivenessDictator gameParanoiaSocial value orientations

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  • Recipients with higher paranoid thinking more frequently expected opponents to choose costly competitive allocations.
  • Paranoid thinking was not significantly associated with choosing guaranteed low rewards or making competitive allocations.
  • The study found that expecting competitive intentions does not necessarily correlate with avoidance behaviors.

Conclusions:

  • Paranoia appears to reflect a belief in others' competitive intentions.
  • Paranoid thinking is not directly linked to avoiding perceived threats or unilateral attacks.
  • Findings suggest a dissociation between the belief in others' competitiveness and avoidance behaviors.