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Identifying populations at ultra-high risk of suicide using a novel machine learning method
Guus Berkelmans1, Lizanne Schweren2, Sandjai Bhulai3
1Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica, Science Park 123, 1098XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands; 113 zelfmoordpreventie, Paasheuvelweg 25, 1105BP Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1111, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Background:
Targeted interventions for suicide prevention rely on adequate identification of groups at elevated risk. Several risk factors for suicide are known, but little is known about the interactions between risk factors. Interactions between risk factors may aid in detecting more specific sub-populations at higher risk.
Methods:
Here, we use a novel machine learning heuristic to detect sub-populations at ultra high-risk for suicide based on interacting risk factors. The data-driven and hypothesis-free model is applied to investigate data covering the entire population of the Netherlands.
Findings:
We found three sub-populations with extremely high suicide rates (i.e. >50 suicides per 100,000 person years, compared to 12/100,000 in the general population), namely: (1) people on unfit for work benefits that were never married, (2) males on unfit for work benefits, and (3) those aged 55-69 who live alone, were never married and have a relatively low household income. Additionally, we found two sub-populations where the rate was higher than expected based on individual risk factors alone: widowed males, and people aged 25-39 with a low level of education.
Interpretation:
Our model is effective at finding ultra-high risk groups which can be targeted using sub-population level interventions. Additionally, it is effective at identifying high-risk groups that would not be considered risk groups based on conventional risk factor analysis.
