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Preparation of Samples for Electron Microscopy01:20

Preparation of Samples for Electron Microscopy

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To be visualized by an electron microscope, either transmission or scanning, biological samples need to be fixed (stabilized) so the electron beam does not destroy them and dried thoroughly (desiccated/dehydrated) so the vacuum does not affect them. Fixation needs to be done as quickly as possible because the sample properties will start changing as soon as it is removed from its natural environment. For example, in a tissue sample, the oxygen levels begin decreasing, causing an altered...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 6, 2025

Selective Area Modification of Silicon Surface Wettability by Pulsed UV Laser Irradiation in Liquid Environment
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Wetting of a Stepped Platinum (211) Surface.

K Mistry1, N Gerrard1, A Hodgson1

  • 1Surface Science Research Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, U.K.

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|March 17, 2023
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Summary

Water forms unique zigzag chains on stepped platinum surfaces, not simple 1D chains or ordered 2D networks. This study reveals the complex structural evolution of water on stepped metal surfaces.

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Area of Science:

  • Surface Science
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Steps on metal surfaces influence water adsorption, crucial for wetting and ice nucleation.
  • Understanding local water arrangements on stepped surfaces is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structural evolution of water adsorbed on the stepped Platinum (Pt)(211) surface.
  • To elucidate the role of step edges in directing water adlayer formation.

Main Methods:

  • Thermal desorption spectroscopy
  • Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED)
  • Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM)

Main Results:

  • At low coverage, water forms zigzag chains along steps, decorated with H-bonded rings.
  • Increasing coverage leads to a disordered (2 × 1) structure of water chains.
  • At saturation, an incommensurate, disordered network of water rings forms.
  • The Pt(211) surface does not support simple 1D chains or ordered 2D water networks.

Conclusions:

  • Step edges on Pt(211) stabilize water adsorption and guide growth patterns.
  • Observed water structures differ from previously proposed models for stepped surfaces.
  • Local water arrangements are dictated by a balance between step binding and water-water hydrogen bonding.