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Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...

Epistasis Analysis

Epistasis Analysis

Although Mendel chose seven unrelated traits in peas to study gene segregation, most traits involve multiple gene interactions that create a spectrum of phenotypes. When the interaction of various genes or alleles at different locations influences a phenotype, this is called epistasis. Epistasis often involves one gene masking or interfering with the expression of another (antagonistic epistasis). Epistasis often occurs when different genes are part of the same biochemical pathway. The...

Epistasis

Epistasis

In addition to multiple alleles at the same locus influencing traits, numerous genes or alleles at different locations may interact and influence phenotypes in a phenomenon called epistasis. For example, rabbit fur can be black or brown depending on whether the animal is homozygous dominant or heterozygous at a TYRP1 locus. However, if the rabbit is also homozygous recessive at a locus on the tyrosinase gene (TYR), it will have an unshaded coat that appears white, regardless of its TYRP1...

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...

Position-effect Variegation

Position-effect Variegation

In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.

Histone Modification

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 6, 2025

Annotation of Plant Gene Function via Combined Genomics, Metabolomics and Informatics

Annotation of Plant Gene Function via Combined Genomics, Metabolomics and Informatics

Published on: June 17, 2012

Advances in epigenetic modification affecting anthocyanin synthesis.

Yang-Jing-Hui Zhang¹, Pei-Yao Chang¹, Zis-Hu Yang¹

¹College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.

Yi Chuan = Hereditas

|March 17, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Anthocyanins, plant pigments, are regulated by epigenetics affecting their synthesis. This review explores epigenetic modifications and genome editing for improving flower color and plant resilience.

Keywords:

CRISPR/dCas9 anthocyanin epigenetic modifications

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Last Updated: Aug 6, 2025

Annotation of Plant Gene Function via Combined Genomics, Metabolomics and Informatics

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Published on: June 17, 2012

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Extraction and Purification of Polyphenols from Freeze-dried Berry Powder for the Treatment of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells In Vitro

Extraction and Purification of Polyphenols from Freeze-dried Berry Powder for the Treatment of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells In Vitro

Published on: July 5, 2017

Area of Science:

Plant Biology
Biochemistry
Genetics

Background:

Anthocyanins are vital flavonoid compounds in plants, influencing growth, metabolism, and stress responses.
They provide vibrant colors to flowers and fruits, aiding pollination and seed dispersal.
Anthocyanins also confer resistance to various environmental stresses like drought and UV damage.

Conclusions:

Epigenetic regulation plays a crucial role in controlling anthocyanin production.
Genome editing presents a powerful tool for manipulating epigenetic marks.
Understanding these processes can lead to enhanced flower color breeding and crop improvement.