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Related Concept Videos

Veins of Head and Neck01:19

Veins of Head and Neck

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The blood drainage from the head and neck is primarily managed by three pairs of veins: the external jugular, internal jugular, and vertebral veins. The external jugular veins drain superficial scalp and face structures, passing over the sternocleidomastoid muscles to empty into the subclavian veins.
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Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
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Arteries of the Head and Neck01:26

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The human body's intricate network of arteries ensures that every organ system receives the necessary oxygen and nutrients for optimal function. The arterial network in the head and neck region is particularly complex, providing vital blood flow to the brain, eyes, and other critical structures. Prominent arteries in this region include the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
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Lymph nodes are bean-shaped structures that cluster along the lymphatic vessels in the inguinal, axillary, and cervical regions. Each node is divided into compartments by a capsule that extends trabeculae inward.
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Updated: Aug 6, 2025

A Model for Perineural Invasion in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Top 10 Nested Pattern Head and Neck Lesions to Notice.

Abberly Lott Limbach1, Deborah J Chute2

  • 1Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, E422 Doan Hall, 410 W 10th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. Abberly.lottlimbach@osumc.edu.

Head and Neck Pathology
|March 17, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diagnosing nested lesions in the head and neck requires considering various tumors. This review guides differential diagnosis using morphologic and immunohistochemical features of these "nested" neoplasms.

Keywords:
Head and neckNestedNeuroendocrineThyroid

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Area of Science:

  • Pathology
  • Oncology
  • Head and Neck Surgery

Background:

  • The "nested" pattern, defined as cellular clusters with intervening stroma lacking lumens, is observed in diverse head and neck lesions.
  • This pattern necessitates a broad differential diagnosis encompassing neoplastic and non-neoplastic entities.
  • Lesions are categorized by differentiation: neuroendocrine, squamous, thyroid follicular cell, and others.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive guide for diagnosing "nested" lesions in the head and neck.
  • To systematically review entities exhibiting a nested growth pattern.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of head and neck lesions with a nested appearance.
  • Analysis of morphologic, immunohistochemical, clinical, and radiographic features.

Main Results:

  • Numerous entities demonstrate a nested pattern, including neuroendocrine neoplasms, paraganglioma, middle ear neuroendocrine tumors, medullary and poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas, olfactory neuroblastoma, ectopic pituitary neuroendocrine tumors, hyalinizing trabecular tumors, solid papillary thyroid carcinoma, solid cell nests/C-cell hyperplasia, necrotizing sialometaplasia, and meningioma.
  • Morphologic and immunohistochemical characteristics are crucial for differentiating these entities.

Conclusions:

  • A systematic approach integrating morphologic and immunohistochemical findings is essential for accurate diagnosis of nested head and neck lesions.
  • This review aids pathologists and clinicians in navigating the differential diagnosis of these challenging entities.