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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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Cell division is necessary for growth and reproduction in organisms. Mitosis aids cell growth and development by dividing somatic cells. In contrast, meiosis causes the division of germ cells and plays an essential role in sexual reproduction. Due to their unique functional requirements, mitosis and meiosis differ from each other in multiple aspects.
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Evolutionary Trajectories are Contingent on Mitonuclear Interactions.

Damien Biot-Pelletier1,2,3,4, Stefano Bettinazzi5, Isabelle Gagnon-Arsenault1,2,3,4,6

  • 1Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.

Molecular Biology and Evolution
|March 17, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondrial and nuclear genomes coevolve. Different mitochondrial genomes drive distinct evolutionary paths in nuclear genomes, demonstrating how these interactions shape organismal fitness and divergence.

Keywords:
evolutionary convergenceexperimental evolutionmitochondriamitonuclear evolution

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genomics
  • Mitochondrial biology

Background:

  • Eukaryotic fitness depends on collaboration between nuclear and mitochondrial genomes.
  • Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) evolves rapidly, necessitating nuclear genome adaptation for compatibility.
  • Mitonuclear interactions are predicted to influence evolutionary trajectories.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test if nuclear genomes evolve differently with distinct mitochondrial haplotypes.
  • To investigate the role of mitonuclear interactions in evolutionary divergence.
  • To understand how environmental conditions modulate this process.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental evolution of 1,344 Saccharomyces cerevisiae populations over >300 generations.
  • Utilized 7 distinct mitonuclear genotypes under varying selection pressures.
  • Employed high-throughput phenotyping and whole-genome sequencing.

Main Results:

  • Identified gene-level evolutionary convergence within populations sharing the same mitonuclear background.
  • Nuclear genome and environment were primary drivers of divergence, with mtDNA playing a modulating role.
  • Confirmed mitonuclear-specific and epistatic fitness effects.

Conclusions:

  • Mitonuclear interactions dictate evolutionary divergence even with identical starting nuclear genotypes.
  • The mitochondrial genome directly and indirectly influences evolutionary paths.
  • Environmental context is a key factor in shaping evolutionary outcomes.