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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...
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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 6, 2025

An Oncogenic Hepatocyte-Induced Orthotopic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Cancer Arising in the Setting of Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis
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Combination immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Lorenza Rimassa1, Richard S Finn2, Bruno Sangro3

  • 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072, Pieve Emanuele (Milan), Italy; Medical Oncology and Hematology Unit, Humanitas Cancer Center, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano (Milan), Italy.

Journal of Hepatology
|March 18, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Combination immunotherapy, including atezolizumab-bevacizumab and durvalumab-tremelimumab, offers improved survival for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Future research will focus on optimizing treatment strategies and identifying predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy in HCC.

Keywords:
HCCadvancedantiangiogenicsimmune checkpoint inhibitorstyrosine kinase inhibitorsunresectable

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunotherapy
  • Hepatocellular Carcinoma Research

Background:

  • Single-agent immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) show limited efficacy and intrinsic resistance in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
  • Lack of predictive biomarkers necessitates exploring combination therapies for broader patient benefit in HCC.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the scientific rationale and clinical data for combination immunotherapy in advanced HCC.
  • To summarize advancements in first-line treatment options for advanced HCC.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical trial data, including phase III trials, for combination immunotherapies in advanced HCC.
  • Analysis of combinations involving anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies with bevacizumab, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies.

Main Results:

  • Atezolizumab-bevacizumab demonstrated improved survival, leading to practice-changing approval for front-line advanced HCC.
  • The HIMALAYA trial established durvalumab-tremelimumab (STRIDE regimen) as a superior first-line option over sorafenib.
  • Combinations of ICIs and tyrosine kinase inhibitors yielded inconsistent results, with limited overall survival benefit shown in only one phase III trial.

Conclusions:

  • Combination immunotherapy has significantly evolved the therapeutic landscape for advanced HCC, offering new first-line treatment options.
  • Future research is crucial for determining optimal treatment sequencing, identifying biomarkers, and exploring novel immunotherapy combinations and locoregional therapies for HCC.