Meta-analysis of engineered nanoparticles dynamic aggregation in freshwater-like systems using machine learning...

Predictive algorithms for exposure characterization of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in the ecosystems are essential to improve the development of robust nano-safety frameworks. Here, machine learning (ML) techniques were utilised for data mining and prediction of the dynamic aggregation transformation process in aqueous environments using case studies of nZnO and nTiO₂. Supervised ML models using input variables of natural organic matter, ionic strength, size, and ENPs concentration showed poor prediction performance based on statistical metric values of root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), coefficient of determination (R²), and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) for both types of ENP. On the contrary, algorithms developed using model input parameters of zeta potential, pH, and time had good generalisation and high prediction accuracy. Among the five developed ML algorithms, random forest regression, support vector regression, and artificial neural network generated good prediction accuracy for both data sets. Therefore, the use of ML can be valuable in the development of robust nano-safety frameworks to optimise societal benefits, and for proactive long-term ecological protection.