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Updated: Aug 6, 2025

Manufacturing of Three-dimensionally Microstructured Nanocomposites through Microfluidic Infiltration
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Engineering natural based nanocomposite inks via interface interaction for extrusion 3D printing.

João Rocha Maia1, Edgar Castanheira1, João M M Rodrigues1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Aveiro, Portugal.

Methods (San Diego, Calif.)
|March 19, 2023
PubMed
Summary
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Chemical crosslinking enhances bioactive glass nanoparticle (BGNP) and protein nanocomposites for 3D printing. This versatile method creates tunable, light-responsive inks with improved rheology and homogeneous filler distribution.

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Additive Manufacturing
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Nanocomposites and low-viscosity materials face challenges in additive manufacturing due to poor rheology and preparation issues.
  • Chemical crosslinking offers a universal solution to improve material properties for 3D printing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a chemical crosslinking strategy for creating tunable, light-responsive nanocomposite inks.
  • To improve the rheological properties and homogeneity of bioactive glass nanoparticle (BGNP) and methacrylated bovine serum albumin (BSAMA) systems for 3D printing.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized amine-functionalized BGNP and light-responsive BSAMA as the model system.
  • Employed 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide and N-Hydroxysuccinimide for interfacial crosslinking between BGNP and BSAMA.
Keywords:
3D printingBioactive glass nanoparticlesBiomaterial inkDouble-crosslinkedNanocompositeProtein-based biomaterialsSurface functionalization

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  • Investigated varying amounts of crosslinking agent and BGNP concentrations.
  • Main Results:

    • Crosslinking significantly improved elastic and viscous modulus across all formulations.
    • Optimal results were achieved with 4% w/v crosslinking agent and 10% w/w BGNP, yielding the highest Young's modulus.
    • Formulations demonstrated effective BGNP immobilization and suitability as 3D printing inks.

    Conclusions:

    • A versatile chemical crosslinking methodology was established for producing tunable, light-responsive nanocomposite inks.
    • The approach ensures homogeneous distribution of bioactive fillers and broadens applicability for various material phases.
    • This method addresses key limitations in translating nanocomposites for additive manufacturing.