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Life Expectancy and Built Environments in the U.S.: A Multilevel Analysis.

Byoungjun Kim1, Ben R Spoer1, Andrea R Titus1

  • 1Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York.

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Summary

Built environments significantly impact U.S. life expectancy, with factors like old housing and air pollution posing risks across urbanicity levels. Tailored planning can address these disparities.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Urban Planning
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Built environments significantly influence population health outcomes.
  • Understanding the interplay between urbanicity and environmental factors is crucial for public health.
  • Disparities in life expectancy are linked to socioeconomic and environmental determinants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between built environment characteristics and life expectancy.
  • To analyze these associations across different levels of urbanicity in the United States.
  • To identify specific built environment factors that predict life expectancy variations.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized U.S. Small-Area Life Expectancy Estimates Project data (2010-2015).
  • Assessed tract-level built environment measures including food outlets, walkability, green space, housing, and air pollution.
  • Employed multilevel linear models, adjusting for population and social characteristics across four urbanicity types.

Main Results:

  • Old housing (pre-1979) and air pollution were consistently linked to lower life expectancy across all urbanicity levels.
  • Convenience stores showed a negative association with life expectancy, while healthy food options were beneficial in high-density urban areas.
  • Park accessibility positively correlated with life expectancy, except in rural areas, while neighborhood green space showed mixed associations by urbanicity.

Conclusions:

  • Built environment features are significant risk factors for reduced life expectancy in the U.S., with urbanicity-specific effects.
  • Policy and planning interventions must be context-specific to effectively mitigate health disparities.
  • Addressing environmental inequalities is essential for improving population health and longevity.